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Vikings! - Digging Aliens 69
489 Plays4 months ago
We are going on an excursion to a place of power in the Viking world. Let's explore where the Jarl of Birka most likely had their residence. We will also talk about the work of one of Sweden's first female archaeologists and slavery within the Viking world.
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- Transcript: diggingupancientaliens.com/episode-69-vikings
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The intro music is Lily of the woods by Sandra Marteleur, and the outro is named “Folie hatt” by Trallskruv.
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Transcript
Introduction to Ancient Aliens Podcast
00:00:00
Speaker
You're listening to the Archaeology Podcast Network.
00:00:19
Speaker
Welcome to Digging up Ancient Aliens, the podcast where we examine alternative history and ancient aliens as presented in popular media. Do these claims hold water to an archaeologist or are there better explanations out there? We are now on episode 69.
00:00:38
Speaker
It should be 69 at least, and I am Frederick, your guide into the world of pseudo-archaeology.
Frederick's Hiking Adventure & Viking Archaeology Focus
00:00:44
Speaker
So when this episode comes up, I will just have arrived back from the most northern part of Sweden, where I've been hiking. And this will be an episode that will, well, be a bit of a primer for the next episode that will be about the Kensington Roomstone.
00:01:03
Speaker
But
Exploring Viking Settlements & Pseudo-archaeology
00:01:04
Speaker
this episode will deal with Viking archaeology. Not really that we will bust, well, pseudo-archaeology within the Viking field because, well, there's plenty of weird claims about the Vikings, but this will be more exploring a Viking settlement.
Guided Tours & Podcast Integration
00:01:24
Speaker
As you might know, I've released an app giving guided tours that you can use both on location and at home. And what we will hear in this episode is a section from this app where we explore Kun Skorden where, well, the chieftain of Birka had his location.
00:01:46
Speaker
and we'll talk a little bit about the archeology there and the different monuments. And while it's fun to bust the pseudo-archaeological claims and myths, we should also provide more information and new but information so we can educate ourselves and replace these bad ideas with new interesting ideas.
00:02:08
Speaker
So this will be a section from the app Historian where we explore Kumskården. If you want to download the app, go ahead and do so. More tours are coming there very soon.
Future Tour Locations
00:02:20
Speaker
We will explore the Viking settlement in modern Canada. There will be more locations in Sweden, Rome. So I think it will be very interesting going forward. And if you go to the show's transcript, you will be able to find pictures from Kungscorland and others. so If you want to see how everything looks over there.
Support Acknowledgments & Bonus Content
00:02:43
Speaker
But before we get to all of that, I want to thank those who financially support the show, either through Patreon or the membership portal.
00:02:51
Speaker
And for all you supporters there is a new bonus episode coming up this week or early next week depending a little bit on how the recordings and everything lines up for the future me. And if you want to become a supporter I will tell you exactly where to go at the end of this episode. Now with all of this out of the way let's dig into the episode.
Odilsa's Settlement & Technological Advancements
00:03:32
Speaker
Welcome to Odilsa and into the world of the Vikings. We stand in a landscape that has been under constant change since the giant Ice Age glaciers retreated thousands of years ago. It is here that our story begins in the sea, with the massive glaciers gone. The land slowly rose from the dark waters.
00:03:58
Speaker
Initially others there was just a tiny island in a growing archipelago, but it wasn't long before humans started to settle here, drawn by its strategic location and new resources. From their remains we can see that these immigrants primarily lived off fishing and seal hunting.
00:04:20
Speaker
However, the landscape would continue to change, new eras would introduce new technologies, materials, and contexts far beyond Little Odyssey. Each advancement from the use of stone to copper and then to bronze marked a significant shift in the island's history.
00:04:42
Speaker
Times of unrest came, iron replaced bronze, further shaping Odelser development. Two hill fortifications were built on Odelser, one at Skanssenbaryat and one at Glodham. A testament to the island's strategic importance.
Iron Age to Viking Age Transition
00:05:00
Speaker
Our saga here will take place at the end of the Iron Age, a time of exploration and long distance contact, and a time when much was changing in what would become Sweden. The period we will explore here in the area will mostly take place during the Wendell period and the Viking Age. Let us now step into history together.
Mystery of the Royal Mounds
00:05:36
Speaker
In front of you, you can now see the so-called royal mounds. Although they do not reach the impressive dimension of the famous mounds at Gamla Uppsala, these graves bear an important testimony to the significance of this site. These monumental graves were intended for the most prominent members of society.
00:06:01
Speaker
The ones before us have yet not been explored through excavations, leaving the identities of those resting within shrouded in a bit of mystery. Now, we hope that these graves are undisturbed from looting, allowing further archaeologists to give us more profound insights of the people resting inside.
00:06:25
Speaker
Burial costumes during the Viking Age varied greatly, and there was no uniform burial system. For example, at Birka, just located across the water, we have discovered chamber graves, a method where a chamber were dug out and furnished for the deceased.
00:06:43
Speaker
11 such graves have been found at Birke, all filled with stones, raising the question of whether these were once covered by burial mounds that has collapsed over time, filling up these
Viking Burial Practices
00:06:57
Speaker
spaces. We also find other types of graves, such as flat graves, ship burials, and simple earth burials without any ceremonial addition.
00:07:09
Speaker
Then, of course, we have burial mounds, and this is a tradition that dates back all the way to the Neolithic period, the Stone Age, and these practices have continued to be a part of the burial tradition in Scandinavia throughout the Bronze Age, all the way into the Iron Age, including the Viking Age.
00:07:35
Speaker
Particularly during the Wendell period and the Viking Age, it was popular to erect what we call royal mounds. A notable example includes those at Gamla-Upsola and of course Arnun's Herg near Westeros. These impressive burial mounds, which also include Hergom in middle part and Nordinians mount in Upland differ from other mounts in their sheer size. A mount is considered a royal mount if it has a diameter of at least 30 meters. Those more prominent than 20 but still smaller than 30 are classified as just large mounts.
00:08:18
Speaker
and large mounds were very popular during the Bronze Age and even more popular during the Vandal and Viking period. Let's leave this area and walk towards one of the excavated mounds to explore more about life and death during this fascinating era.
Grave Goods & Burial Significance
00:08:43
Speaker
Now we stand before a mound that's known as Skupintul. In this name it sparked curiosity and has led to various different theories about this name's origin. and Does the name come from the idea that this was the place where people changed into their Sunday shoes before attending church? Others speculate that the name has something to to do with the Russian raids taking place, or Is it perhaps a completely different explanation behind the name? What we do know is that this mound was excavated under the leadership of one of Sweden's first female archaeologist, Hannah Ried, amid a raging war in 1917.
00:09:32
Speaker
Although the excavations were carried out in 1917, it was not until 1936 that Reed published her findings, and it would take even longer until 2013, before more of the mouse mystery would be unveiled. During her excavation, Reed discovered a layer of burnt material,
00:09:57
Speaker
with a large amount of skeletal remains. In total, Reed found up towards 36 kilos of bones, mostly from animals, and we find horses, dogs, and even a cat among these bones. Additionally, she found pigs, sheeps, cow, and the various birds, including sea eagle, goshawk, chicken, and crane.
00:10:25
Speaker
Interestingly, osteological evidence indicated two humans were put to rest here, likely a man and a woman, but the identity of these people remains, unfortunately, unclear. The grave goods discovered were considerably rich, and they include bridles, combs, knives, game pieces, and even a shield. The cloth of the buried individuals appeared to have their origins in the Orient,
00:10:55
Speaker
They are richly decorated with gold threads, something we don't really see in Scandinavia. And the ceremonies seems to have been conducted by place in the bodies and other goods in a boat that was then set on fire. The collected remains were then placed in a copper kettle, which was examined more closely in 2013. During this examination, researchers found an egg and a lock of hair.
00:11:24
Speaker
the significance of which and whom the hair belonged to remains a little bit of a mystery.
Christianity's Influence on Scandinavia
00:11:31
Speaker
This grave clearly indicated that those who rest here were part of the society's upper clause. Based on the items in the grave, we know that these individuals lived during the first half of the 10th century.
00:11:47
Speaker
Now, it's time to leave Sköppen tool behind and continue our journey through history towards encountering a new religion that would profoundly and enduringly reshape Sweden.
00:12:04
Speaker
The forest now stands a clear symbol of change in the Viking society. The contacts with the continent introduce not only new technologies and goods to Scandinavia, but also new ideas and gods.
00:12:19
Speaker
The Christianization of Scandinavia was a long and complex process. While threats of violence likely occurred, the conversion did not take place by the sword or the axe. Instead, Christianity crept in through trade, mission, and interaction with thralls.
00:12:39
Speaker
When a new more potent royal power embraced this new faith, it began to drive a Europeanization of Sweden, establishing laws that compelled people to adopt Christianity, which of course accelerated the conversion.
00:12:56
Speaker
Olof Gärätkönen was the first Christian king of Sweden who actively promoted a new faith by in part minting coins but also proselytisation. Despite the official embrace of Christianity, traces of the Old Norse religion survived quietly and it's unclear when it's finally disappeared completely.
00:13:18
Speaker
mainly due to different laws that forbade pagan practices, making this religion go underground.
Evolution of Medieval Church Architecture
00:13:27
Speaker
Looking closer at a building before us, we see it's a classic medieval hall church, characteristic of its time. This means that it has a nave and a chancel of the same height without a distinct separation between these two parts. A detail you can observe if you go inside the church,
00:13:48
Speaker
There are theories that a wooden church once stood on this site, but no physical evidence has yet been found of this. What we do know is that the first stone church here were likely ordered to be built by the king at the end of the 12th century.
00:14:07
Speaker
Initially it was without a bell tower and with a narrow nave and a lower chanzel that had a pass in the shape of a semicircle. The first major reconstruction of the church took place in the 14th century and the church was then expanded to its current appearance, and a tower was added. A wooden porch was also built in the 14th century, but after a fire it was reconstructed in the 17th century. However, during the 18th century the church bell was moved from a external belfry into the tower and in the 19th century the porch was demolished and the entrance was moved to its current location in the bell tower. Inside the church we find a baptismal thumb, one of the few furnishing from the church early days, simple in its design and made of coarse sandstone in the 12th century. It is one of the few furnishings from the church early days. If you look up towards the sacristy, you will notice a crucifix from the 14th century above the door. Inside the sacristy is another crucifix from the 14th century, originally part of a no-lost altar piece.
Runestones in Church Walls
00:15:36
Speaker
And while we are in the secrecy, let's look at the northern wall. Here we can see two runestones embedded in the wall. There was also a third runestone in the church, which unfortunately it was lost in the porch fire we talked about earlier.
00:15:55
Speaker
The surviving stones are labeled U1 and U10. The left stone, U10, its origin is somewhat mysterious. It was found in a gravel pit and after that, brought to the church. The stone has two lines of text, which read, And English, this is translated to,
00:16:21
Speaker
the stone was raised after up appear and lowki made it. The stone has been broken off, but we can assume that Loki was also the one who carved it. And if we look at the right stone, U1, we can see that it's probably young and we can see this due to how the serpent is shaped and the serpent's design on the stone.
00:16:44
Speaker
and the inscription read, Askel let Rettastein thanna aftir fathr sin bandaguda. In English it is teached us that Askel raised the stone in memory of his father, who was a good man. Now let's leave the church and continue to our next site.
Viking Harbor Defenses
00:17:11
Speaker
We now stand in a place where the land elevation has transformed the landscape over the millennia. And I want to take us ah back in time for a little bit to the year 1075. And at this time, the water was a full six meter higher than today. This means that during the Viking Age, the water age was just a short distance from where we now stand.
00:17:38
Speaker
Here, archaeologists have uncovered the remains of what once was ah harbor all the King's Gordon and others. And we can only imagine what it must have been like on this harbor. Imagine all the ships arriving, unloading their goods. We see missionaries, we see soldiers, we have diplomats all stopping by to visit the king at the Great Hall that once stood here.
00:18:08
Speaker
And against this backdrop, erecting a rune stone here would have been a great honor, only reserved for distinguished individuals. And the six-ton rune stone we stand before tells a little bit of a different story. As you approach the stone, let yourself be captivated by the exquisite craftsmanship and richness of the tales of the rune master's work.
00:18:36
Speaker
The dragon loop that encircle a stone and bites its own tail is an artistic expression and a time marker. Just as fashion trends shift over time, this loop reflects a style known as the middle urn style or PR4 if you're more academically inclined. And researchers have been able to distinguish eight different styles which can help us date rune stones.
Runestones & Viking Society
00:19:04
Speaker
Thanks to this style we can determine the year of the stone could have been made and which king might be mentioned on it. It is important to note that the red paint now highlighting the runes is a modern addition intended to make the inscription stand out a bit better for us and so we can read them a bit better.
00:19:29
Speaker
Originally, the stone was an explosion of colors, decorated in black, white, red, and many other colors, which made it a striking sight for all who arrived at the harbor.
00:19:43
Speaker
And the inscription on the stone tells us a fascinating story. rath su reenar re larisa to li briti iruhi kung to li okkigi la le toista found he on after to seek marriqui hawk on bald ri And if we translate this to English, we can read, interpret these runes. The right to carve them was granted by the king to Toulir, the steward in Ruden. Toulir Gille, the couple, had this monument raised in their memory. Hoakon ordered the carving.
00:20:25
Speaker
And what's really fascinating about this stone is that Thule refers to himself as a britte, and this is a particular clause of thralls or slaves. Like in other cultures, slaves in Viking society could become free, however, there was a catch. Even if they became free,
00:20:45
Speaker
And we have examples like Tukey, who we know was freed. You would not get the same legal status as a born free man. Once a thrall, always a thrall. But it's worth noting that Tuller, with his position, must have had quite a bit of power, even though he was not a free man, per se.
00:21:09
Speaker
And this may explain why Tullier emphasizes that he had the right and the permission to erect a stone. Slaves also did not have the right to marry, which suggests that Tullier had become free, but still retained his title. The Viking Age view of class and beauty adds another layer to this story.
Viking Social Structures & Beauty Standards
00:21:31
Speaker
Unlike today's society, where c class is often associated with economy or inheritance, Vikings put a higher value on physical beauty, especially among men. And this idea can be seen in myth and legend, and such as in the work of Rig Stuller. In this text, the aesthetic aspect of the social hierarchy is highlighted throughout the story,
00:21:58
Speaker
from the humble yet ugly thralls to the noble and extremely beautiful earls. The one who created the classes was, according to this story, Haim Dahl, who shared bed with three different families, all which had different physical attributes.
00:22:20
Speaker
And the result is that the Thrall is born ugly and suited therefore for simple task. Three men became robust, healthy looking people and of course was given task more suitable for their ah parents. And the Earl of course become the most beautiful person in the world. And this is why we see how skulls in the Viking society always trying to make sure to find something no matter how tiny detail they can find to describe as something as extremely beautiful on the Earl. And through this brief text written on the stone, we can open a sort of window to the past, a glimpse to the everyday life and values of those who lived during in the Viking Age. Let us now continue our journey to our next station.
00:23:21
Speaker
During the Viking Age, we would have been standing in the middle of the historic harbor of Alsner, where the boats would have come and go to unload their goods or people. Today instead we see grasslands and trees. And if you look past the trees, if you can, you will see where the water is today. But beneath the surface, archaeologists have discovered a fascinating defensive structure made out of stakes. And these stakes are believed to have been part of a protective barrier that's strategically designed to prevent enemy ships from attacking the harbor freely. The defensive system forms a semicircle in the water
00:24:06
Speaker
with a deliberate opening, a channel that allows ships to enter the harbor one at a time. It's possible that this structure also served a dual function as a breakwater, protecting the harbor from storms and high waves. This is a testament to the engineering prowess of the Viking Age and their ability to create structure that served multiple purposes, both practical and defense-related.
00:24:33
Speaker
Let us now leave the secrets of the water behind us and walk upwards towards the once majestic Alsner Hoos.
00:24:55
Speaker
Welcome to what once was a royal palace. Today, perhaps a mere shadow of its former self. But 800 years ago, this site was dominated by an impressive three-story building. By the architectural standard of the time, this was truly a spectacle.
00:25:16
Speaker
The foundation which still can be seen today is made out of stone, but the palace the palace itself was made out of brick material regarded both as novel and luxurious in Sweden at this time in history. And there are stories etched into the walls and even the material used during construction. For example, a very proud master builder named Bouvet left his mark on a brick, and he carved this mark in runes not once, but twice on this brick, showing that runes were still used in this area during what we would call the Middle Ages. Now, the earliest evidence of Alzheimer's origins is a coin found on the site. The oldest dating of this coin is to Waldemar Birgerson's reign between 1266 and 1275.
00:26:14
Speaker
Archeologists discovered a coin among the stones in the foundation, indicating that it was dropped during this early stage of construction, jimum and the palace was likely built over the earlier royal manor in the area. However, neither postholes or other remains of this former manor has been found.
00:26:37
Speaker
Asnohus extended 30 meters in length and 14 meters width. Its a ground floor hold traces of grandeur evidenced by ornately decorated brick floor tiles and an impressive fireplace. A brick wall separated part of the room and the western part of the building.
00:26:57
Speaker
And we also found wooden floors, and this floor was found by archaeologists banged to the man, and he found them in a very short state during his excavations in 1920.
00:27:13
Speaker
And the oldest known depiction surviving to our days of allna who's is from a survey map dated to 1751, showing a building with a gateway tower and barrel walls. This, along with architectural comparison and historical documents, had led to new insights into what the building might have looked like.
00:27:37
Speaker
Previously it was believed that the palace only had two floors, but now it's thought to likely have had three, as I mentioned before. The architectural inspiration behind Alsner Hoos seems to have been Håkon Håkonsohn's palace in Bergen, known as Håkon Hallen or Bergen's Hoos, completed in 1251. Håkon Håkonsohn was the king of Norway during this era,
00:28:05
Speaker
and the similarities between these two regal buildings. Perhaps underscore the Swedish king minus Lord, the laws decide to erect an equally impressive palace. The main difference is that Hawkins Hallen also features a defensive tower, which has not been found yet at others. However,
00:28:27
Speaker
two stone walled cellars have been rediscovered just west outside of the building. The function of the cellars has not yet been fully explained, but perhaps they were part of a defensive tower. But Alsner Hüss is not just a site of architectural admiration. It was here that one of Sweden's most significant legal documents, the Alsner Statute, was created under the leadership of King Magnus Lödelos,
00:28:56
Speaker
This statue changed the foundation of the Swedish nobility by offering tax exemption for those who contribute soldiers and warriors and marked the end of the noble's right to demand lodging and food from the peasantry without compensating the peasant where they stayed for the night. The glory days of Asnuhus was short but glamorous,
00:29:24
Speaker
After 1304, no king dated a letter from Arsenal, something under ermine attributes to the emergence of Stockholm Castle. Stockholm Castle appears to have been built around the year 1300, which would align well with the abandonment of Oz. However, there are some mysteries surrounding the downfall of this house. Numerous crossbow balls have been found around the site, and some suggest that the Vitalia brothers might have burned down the house. and These were German privateers who wanted to restore King Elbreth to the throne.
00:30:06
Speaker
but this must have occurred after 1389, indicating the site retained some sort of significance long after 1304.
Viking Dwellings & Architectural Evolution
00:30:32
Speaker
Welcome home. In front of us we can now see a reconstructed Viking Age house. This farmstead reflects a typical residence for the free, somewhat wealthier, smaller landowner in the Viking society.
00:30:49
Speaker
Here we would be able to find two or perhaps, depending on the wealth of the family, three buildings, which would have been typical. Some of these farms could also have included one or two pit houses partially dug in workshops building that were an important part of the Viking Age farm.
00:31:14
Speaker
Interestingly, we know less about the Viking Age dwelling than earlier periods in the Iron Age. However, archaeological studies indicate that the housing pattern were relatively consistent over time.
00:31:28
Speaker
Since the Bronze Age, the dominant construction method in Sweden has been the three-eyed longhouse. This type of building was supported by several pairs of posts that held up the roof while the walls would have been made out of water, daub, earth, turf or stone, depending on the available materials in the area.
00:31:53
Speaker
Depending on the size of the house, it could have contained several sections, including a kitchen area, sleeping quarters, stables, storage, as well as room for entertainment and living. Towards the end of the Viking Age, around the year 900, a new architectural design began to emerge, especially in the southern part of Scandinavia,
00:32:17
Speaker
Here we find the Trelebori houses, a typical building we see in the Treleboris built under the rule of Horad Bluetooth in Denmark. These houses were considerably wider than the earlier ones, up to 12 meters in width, and they could also have a second floor,
00:32:36
Speaker
But on Gotland the houses started to take another appearance, and these were smaller in size and had only one central aisle, but the roof was supported by strong walls instead of columns, as we see in the long houses in mainland Sweden.
00:33:02
Speaker
Although we can't showcase one of these so-called pit houses at this site, they represent one of the most fascinating aspects of Viking Age innovation.
Impact of Sail Production
00:33:14
Speaker
These structures have been linked to the introduction of the sale in Scandinavia, and this invention revolutionized the Scandinavian's way of exploring and conquering.
00:33:26
Speaker
The presence of sails in Scandinavia does not appear to have been established until the late Iron Age, making the term the Age of Sails or perhaps the Sail Era a more fitting description than the term we use today, the Viking Age or the Viking Period.
00:33:46
Speaker
According to available sources, the sails were primarily made after wool and treated with fat tallow of fish oil to make them windproof and durable. And the process of creating a sail was highly time-consuming. Lisa Bender-Jorgensen has estimated that a wool sail for an average longship required about 90 square meters of fabric.
00:34:14
Speaker
Considering a skilled spinner could produce maybe between 30 to 50 meters of yarn per hour, it would mean that 4,800 working hours was needed just to spin the thread needed, and additional 3,200 hours to weave the fabric itself. And this equates to in, well, modern Swedish working hours, four years of work.
00:34:42
Speaker
excluding the time it takes to harvest and process the wool. Moreover, considering the need for additional equipment for voyagers such as extra sails, tents, clothing, provisions, for a crew of up to 32 sailors,
00:34:58
Speaker
It could take up to 24 years to fully equip a ship with just the textiles needed for their travel. And with all this in mind, it seems as the Viking Age must have been a very flourishing period for ship owners.
00:35:17
Speaker
estimates show that nearly one million square meters of wall were needed for this massive production of sales, clothing and other equipment needed for these voyages. And to produce this amount of wall, it would have been needed about two million sheeps. This demand for wool led to significant societal changes, where small farms started to merge into larger units to kind of streamline production. As we already mentioned, with this new farm structure, we start to see these pit houses emerging on these farms, where archaeologists have found evidence of textile production in the form of loom weights and even looms.
00:36:01
Speaker
It is unlikely that the three women on the farm would have done all this work. Instead, evidence indicated that this was a responsibility that fell on the thralls. And the condition in these weaving houses must have been very harsh.
00:36:19
Speaker
They work with poor light and the air must have become full with walled particles, especially at the end of the day, making the work environment both suffocating and unhealthy. And this increased demand for label to meet the production of sales and other necessities may have been one of the driving forces behind the Viking raids.
Role of Slavery in Viking Society
00:36:42
Speaker
More labor enabled greater production, leading to larger armies, and the need for even more textiles and more labor. and This created self-reinforcing cycles, where slaves were captured during raids and sold into existing trade networks. By the beginning of the 11th century, some Viking fleets would comprise of 200 ships,
00:37:07
Speaker
Slavery does form the fundamental part of the Viking society. Without slavery, there would be no Viking age. And that wraps up this episode. Remember next time we're talking about the Kensington Runestone. Is it real? Is it a hoax? Is it somewhere in between? Let's
Supporting the Podcast on Patreon
00:37:29
Speaker
explore this stone together. So if you want to support the show, I would recommend you go into patreon.com slash digging up ancient aliens or head over to the members portal over at digging up ancient aliens.com slash support. If you become a member for a small fee, you get
00:37:47
Speaker
bonus content you get early episode and free episode all of that good stuff and also in the future there are going to be live streams that you will be able to participate in if you are a supporter but if you want to support the show but with the well not money that's possible too just give a review that's the best way to support a show without giving out any monies for it just write a five star review some kind word and it really help us in the ranking or even better, tell a few friends about the show, get them listening or watching over on YouTube. Now, that was all I had for this episode. So what's left is to tell you that the intro music was written by Sandra Martelor and the outro is by the amazing band called Transgriven. Links to both of these artists are found in the show notes.
00:38:44
Speaker
all music is used with permission, so until next time, keep shoveling that science!