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New Discoveries From Ancient Egypt - TPM 13
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For the first time since the discovery of King Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922, archaeologists have unearthed the tomb of a pharaoh! It belongs to Thutmose II of Egypt’s powerful 18th Dynasty, who was the husband of Hatshepsut, the woman who ruled on her own as king. But that’s not all, near Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri, incredible new finds are shedding fresh light on one of Egypt’s most powerful women, and those who came before her. What do these discoveries reveal about the golden age of ancient Egypt? Tune in for the latest on these groundbreaking discoveries!
Transcripts
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Transcript
00:00:01
Speaker
You're listening to the Archaeology Podcast
Introduction to Episode 13
00:00:04
Speaker
Network. Music
00:00:28
Speaker
Welcome to the past macabre, where we journey through history to uncover how our relationship with death reflects the values, fears, and hopes that shape the way people live.
00:00:40
Speaker
I'm your host, Stephanie Rice. Thank you for joining me for episode 13, New Discoveries from Ancient Egypt.
Discovery of Pharaoh Thutmose II's Tomb
00:00:47
Speaker
Some recent news from Egypt has had everyone understandably excited for the last few weeks.
00:00:52
Speaker
The tomb of Pharaoh Thutmose II has been found. This is the first tomb belonging to a pharaoh that has been found since the discovery of King Tut's in 1922. Originally, archaeologists thought it belonged to a royal wife of Thutmose III because of its location, but inscriptions on some of the grave goods found within the tomb have identified it as the tomb of Thutmose Plus, a month before the big news regarding Thutmose, a very important discovery was made at the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahri.
00:01:26
Speaker
Hundreds of blocks that were part of her destroyed valley temple were found, still vibrantly painted, and artifacts from the construction of the temple were found as well. Plus, in the area around her mortuary complex, several older tombs have been found that are leading to all sorts of new discoveries as well.
00:01:45
Speaker
In this episode, I'll share everything I know about the new discoveries and we'll explore the period Thutmose II ruled and the time after his death when his wife Hatshepsut ruled as king in her own right.
00:01:58
Speaker
I'll also share a bit about the Third Intermediate Period, which was when the mummy believed to be Thutmose was moved to the cache with dozens of other royal mummies where it was found 143 years ago.
00:02:12
Speaker
But first, let's dig into the newly discovered tomb of Thutmose
00:02:24
Speaker
Many of you likely already saw the headlines, but Egypt's Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities made a very exciting announcement recently.
Significance of Luxor and Theban Necropolis
00:02:32
Speaker
Near Luxor, the tomb of Thutmose II was found.
00:02:36
Speaker
While there have been many new exciting discoveries from Luxor, like the announcement of an important find at Hatshepsut's mortuary temple, I'll go into that later in the episode, this is certainly worthy of headlines since it's the first tomb of a pharaoh to be found in a century.
00:02:53
Speaker
The modern day city of Luxor, just to give a little bit of context, was known to the ancient Greeks as Thebes. And before that, it was known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset.
00:03:06
Speaker
It's been inhabited since about 3200 BCE and served as the capital of Egypt several times throughout its extensive history, starting in the Middle Kingdom during the 11th Dynasty and around about 2100 BCE.
00:03:22
Speaker
The west bank of the Nile across from the ancient city began being used for royal burials instead of the old places like Abydos or Saqqara.
00:03:33
Speaker
The area is collectively known as the Theban Necropolis, but within it, there are several different burial grounds from many different periods. The most famous are the Valley of Kings and the Valley of Queens, but there are many more.
00:03:49
Speaker
Over 450 tombs across this entire area, whose locations are known today, have been mapped. There are several lost tombs that were either poorly documented or destroyed since they were first discovered, and there's many more still hidden beneath the sand.
00:04:07
Speaker
The latest discovery of Thutmose II's tomb just goes to show that. The main tourist destinations like Deir el-Bahri and the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens are not to be missed, but I recommend exploring as much of the entire area as possible if you ever get a chance to visit Luxor.
00:04:27
Speaker
I spent a day just walking through as much of the Theban necropolis as I could before going into any of the sites there. Seeing the vast valley floors and cliff faces covered with rock-cut tombs was incredible.
00:04:42
Speaker
It's a collage of historical snapshots that goes back over 4,000 years. Now, the tomb of Thutmose II is the latest snapshot to be discovered.
Unveiling Thutmose II's Tomb
00:04:53
Speaker
It was found in October of 2022, less than one month before the 100th anniversary of the discovery of the very famous Tutankhamun's tomb. The research project that discovered this tomb had been working in the area for years, surveying the western wadis and excavating the tombs of several queens and high-ranking officials that have been found.
00:05:16
Speaker
Thutmose II's tomb lies within Wadi Gabinet el-Kurud, which is one of the western wadis near the famous Valley of the Queens. A wadi is the Arabic name for a type of valley that's created by a river that flows only during the rainy season, which usually comes in monsoon rainstorms.
00:05:37
Speaker
The flash floods that create these wadis aren't always regular occurrences, which is why there isn't flood damage in every single tomb in the valleys around Luxor. But unfortunately for Thutmose II, his tomb did see repeated flooding that caused the ceilings of the tomb to weaken and then collapse.
00:05:56
Speaker
That completely filled the main part of the tomb with debris, which made it very difficult for the researchers to get in. The first flood happened within six years following his burial, and after that, Thutmose II and most of his burial goods were moved to a new tomb.
00:06:13
Speaker
It's been roughly 3,500 years since Thutmose II was buried here. And many, many more floods have happened in that time, which made it difficult to initially identify whom this tomb belonged to.
00:06:28
Speaker
The inscriptions and reliefs that would have been all along the walls have almost been completely destroyed, but the architecture style and location narrowed down the time period for when it could have been constructed.
00:06:41
Speaker
The researchers knew that this had to be the tomb of someone important due to the grand staircase and corridor leading down to the burial chamber. Since it's located near the tombs of Thutmose III's wives and where Hatshepsut's original tomb was started when she was still great royal wife, researchers initially believed that the tomb was another wife of Thutmose III.
00:07:05
Speaker
Or maybe one of the daughters of Thutmose and Hatshepsut. But then, peeking out from the corners of the ruined tomb were the remnants of a bright blue sky with brilliant gold stars painted onto it.
00:07:21
Speaker
Soon after, researchers found fragments of the Amduat, the Book of What's in the Underworld, that would have adorned the walls of this tomb. If you want to know more about the Amduat or the Ancient Egyptian Underworld, be sure to listen to Episode 6, Journey Through the Ancient Egyptian Underworld, the Duat, if you haven't already.
00:07:42
Speaker
I go into it a lot more in depth in that episode, so I'm not going to go into it here. Essentially, it was a funerary text that was reserved for pharaohs only during this time, after all of the other pyramid texts and the variants that came after, like the well-known Book of the Dead, were distributed amongst more and more people outside of the royal family.
00:08:04
Speaker
Because of this, the excavation team working on this tomb knew that it had to be the tomb of a pharaoh. They just didn't know whose yet. After careful excavation, the team began finding some remnants of artifacts amongst the rubble.
Artifacts and Historical Connections
00:08:22
Speaker
Things like fragments of plates and storage jars and bowls were starting to come up. And they started bearing the name of the king that they belonged to Now, just to note, it is common for elites to have artifacts stating the name of the ruler that they worked under.
00:08:41
Speaker
But in this tomb, they found an alabaster jar that held the name Osiris Akeperinre. That's quite a mouthful, but during his rule, Thutmose II was known to ancient Egyptians by the throne name Akeperinre.
00:09:00
Speaker
It meant great is the form of re or ra in honor of the sun god. In ancient Egypt, kings would have up to five different names for various religious or political reasons.
00:09:13
Speaker
There's been a lot of research done into just what names of kings meant for the politics at the time. And kings often had many, many titles that went along with those names. So there's many variants of a single king's name out there amongst the inscriptions dedicated to them.
00:09:34
Speaker
But the title of Osiris was bestowed on every pharaoh when they died and only then. to very quickly summarize a complex belief, the ancient Egyptians believed the king joined Osiris in the afterlife.
00:09:51
Speaker
This title would have been specifically placed on the burial goods meant to be the offerings for Thutmose to use in the afterlife, not on any of his elite's burial goods.
00:10:02
Speaker
His other name in ancient Egyptian was Jehudi Mosa, which means born of Thoth. It was likely the name he was first given at birth. Thoth was the god of the moon, wisdom, writing, and healing, and as with any ancient Egyptian god, many other things as well throughout the long period of his worship.
00:10:24
Speaker
But he was clearly an important deity during the 18th dynasty for several generations of royals to have his name as part of theirs. The interesting thing about Thoth, I will not go too in-depth into him, is he is always present in a lot of religious iconography and iconography involving the pharaoh and the afterlife.
00:10:48
Speaker
But his cult never took precedence over any of the sun god cults, which often vied for their different places within the structure of the temples of Egypt.
00:11:01
Speaker
The ancient Egyptians referred to him as Jehudi, but the ancient Greeks ended up documenting it as Thoth, and Jehudi Mose was documented as Thutmosis.
00:11:14
Speaker
This stuck in modern academic research for quite a while until modern references compromised on Thutmosa, which is a little bit closer to a transliteration.
00:11:26
Speaker
This part of the 18th dynasty is often referred to as the Thutmose period by many Egyptologists because of the four different pharaohs who held this name throughout this period.
00:11:38
Speaker
While on the subject of names, Wadi Gabana el-Karud, the place where Thutmose II's tomb was found, is Arabic for Valley of the Monkeys, and it's named for the large necropolis of sacred baboons that was discovered in the eighteen thirty s There were hundreds that were found here, and baboons are one of the sacred animals of the god Thoth.
00:12:02
Speaker
Most of the ones that were found here date to the 25th dynasty and some later. So it's very cool, at least to me, to see that this area's sacred association with Thoth continued for so long.
00:12:16
Speaker
Thutmose II ruled during the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, during one of the periods when Waset was the capital. So it makes sense that his tomb is near it.
Thutmose II's Legacy and Lineage
00:12:27
Speaker
He was the fourth king of the 18th dynasty, and he's an ancestor of both Akhenaten, the heretic king famous for shaking up the religious institutions of ancient Egypt, and Tutankhamen, the boy king whose tomb mesmerized the Western world a century before this one was found.
00:12:47
Speaker
They both ruled later in the 18th dynasty, which is arguably one of the most famous dynasties that we know the most about in ancient Egyptians' dynastic period. Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and one of his lesser wives or secondary wives named Mutnefret.
00:13:07
Speaker
In ancient Egypt, kings would have had many wives, but only one held the title of great royal wife, and she would be the one to attend official events and would be the one depicted in monuments with him.
00:13:20
Speaker
Usually sons born to the great royal life would have the primary claim to the throne. But in this case, Egyptologists are fairly certain that Thutmose I did not have any sons by his great royal life.
00:13:36
Speaker
Thutmose ruled for as little as three years or 13 years at most. There are very few monuments dedicated to him, which is usually how Egyptologists are able to date the reign of a pharaoh.
00:13:50
Speaker
One inscription has been found in Syria and others in southern Egypt. This shows that early in his reign, he maintained a military presence in the regions that had been conquered by his father.
00:14:02
Speaker
But the only dated inscription found for Thutmose II was from 8 of the second month of Akhet, the flood season, during year 1 of his rule.
00:14:14
Speaker
So far, the new discovery hasn't yielded any new dates, but there is still plenty of material that will take even longer than usual to study and sift through due to how damaged this tomb was.
00:14:26
Speaker
We'll see if further research yields any more information on Thutmose II than we previously had. We do know that at some point he began construction at Karnak, which is a major religious center in Egypt next to the modern city of Luxor.
00:14:43
Speaker
It was tradition by this point for pharaohs to add their mark to the landscape along the monuments built by their predecessors here, but Tutmosa II's monument wasn't completed, which is fairly solid evidence that his reign was short, since this would have been very important, important enough to start the construction here very early in his reign.
00:15:04
Speaker
Another large piece of evidence of his short reign is that he had very young children when he died. One of the highest priorities of a royal, if not the highest, is to ensure that they have an heir, which continues the royal bloodline.
00:15:20
Speaker
This is one of the reasons why pharaohs had multiple wives in ancient Egypt. Tutmosa II only had two daughters by his great royal wife, Hatshepsut, and one son from a lesser wife.
00:15:33
Speaker
That son was so young, Hatshepsut was designated his regent. So that tells us that he wasn't anywhere close to of age to take the throne himself when his father died.
00:15:45
Speaker
Hatshepsut's rise to power and subsequently long rule, despite the heir of her husband coming of age, has led to several theories that she took the throne by force or that she took credit for some accomplishments that actually belonged to Thutmose But now that Thutmose II's tomb has been found, it doesn't show the neglect or desecration you would expect to see in the tomb of a usurped ruler.
Hatshepsut's Role and Influence
00:16:12
Speaker
Whether it was due to obligation to her husband and royal predecessor or out of actual care, archaeologists found evidence that Hatshepsut was the one to commission a new tomb for Thutmose II and move his body and burial goods to it.
00:16:27
Speaker
At least most of them that weren't damaged by the flood that already happened. And thanks to that flood, we now have evidence of whose tomb this was originally. And nearby, a burial pit for a sacrificed cow was found and with an inscription indicating that Hatshepsut ordered the sacrifice in honor of the reinterment.
00:16:48
Speaker
This isn't something that could have been done behind her back or claimed without her knowledge. So at the very least, she approved of her name being stamped on this. If she was indeed making a power grab for the throne and hoping that her husband would be forgotten, then why not just leave the tomb to continuously be destroyed by flooding?
00:17:11
Speaker
It seems like Hatshepsut was not the only one to exhume and then rebury Thutmose II. A mummy believed to be Thutmose II was found in a cache of several other royal mummies at Deir el-Bakhri in 1881.
00:17:27
Speaker
Many artifacts from the cache had been looted, but the mummies for 50 people, 11 of them pharaohs, were mostly still intact. During the 20th dynasty, Ramses IX began projects to protect tombs and their royal inhabitants from looting.
00:17:46
Speaker
It's likely he also ordered some state-sanctioned looting during this time as well, based on comparing the types of artifacts missing with those commonly reused by royals during the later periods in Egypt.
00:17:59
Speaker
Many of Ramsey's successors continued this practice, both the, quote, protection, reburial, and reuse of artifacts. In some cases, they even reused entire coffins and tombs.
00:18:13
Speaker
During this period, several royal mummies were moved from their original tombs into hidden caches, like the one that the mummy assumed to be Thutmose II was found in According to a note left on the outer shroud that wrapped the mummy, his body was removed from a looted tomb and re-shrouded and re-buried in year six of the rule of Smendies, who ruled during the third intermediate period.
00:18:42
Speaker
I say the mummy assumed to be Thutmose II because he was identified based on that note left on the shroud. However, looting and tomb and coffin reuse was so common in ancient Egypt that we have strong evidence that most of the mummies found in this cache had been moved several times before they ended up here.
00:19:03
Speaker
In the wake of the announcement of the identity of the owner of this newly discovered tomb, the director of the project, Piers Litherland, said that they believe that they have found a second tomb belonging to Thutmose II.
00:19:17
Speaker
This one was likely where his body and burial goods were moved to by Hatshepsut. Mr. Litherland has also said that he thinks that this will contain the real mummy of Thutmose II because of how well hidden this second tomb was.
00:19:33
Speaker
That would be very exciting if this does prove to be the case, and so I will definitely be keeping an eye on the research projects done here for the next few years. Now we'll get into the latest discovery at Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple and the history of her reign next.
00:19:51
Speaker
Hatshepsut held great power from birth as she was the daughter of Thutmose I, a king who was held in high esteem by his people and his great royal wife Ahmoza.
00:20:04
Speaker
Had she been born a man, this would have made Hatshepsut first in line for the throne after her father's death. As she was, she was still given the highest ranking title a priestess could hold in ancient Egypt, God's Wife of Amun.
00:20:18
Speaker
During the 18th dynasty, the cult of Amun held the greatest power of any other religious institutions at the time. So Hatshepsut wielded both royal and religious power in her own right.
00:20:31
Speaker
Thutmose II's marriage to his half-sister was most likely an attempt to make his claim to the throne stronger since his mother had far less influence than Hatshepsut's mother did.
00:20:42
Speaker
This was also likely why Hatshepsut was named regent for Thutmose III instead of his mother. It was in the best interest for everyone involved to keep the royal line as solid as possible during this period, but Hatshepsut only had daughters.
00:21:00
Speaker
Thutmose I had been seen as a great king, even though he didn't rule for an exceptionally long period of time like many of the other highly regarded pharaohs. His most noted accomplishment during his reign was that he expanded Egypt's influence further than it had previously ever been.
00:21:18
Speaker
But that left a larger frontier to maintain than ever before, too. As the few inscriptions of Thutmose II we have show, these areas had a lot of unrest fairly quickly because of how far away they were from the influence of the capital.
00:21:34
Speaker
After a few years of ruling as co-regent with her very young ward, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut declared herself sole king. But it doesn't seem to be some sort of Disney-like tale of an evil stepmother stealing the throne.
00:21:50
Speaker
Overall, it would seem that Hatshepsut's rule was accepted during her lifetime and that attempts to remove her from history came long after her death. Her ward even survives to adulthood to eventually peacefully take the throne, which seems not very evil stepmother-like to me.
00:22:10
Speaker
The evidence for Hatshepsut's likability lies in the multiple inscriptions across many different locations that depict her success in military campaigns and trade campaigns all across Egypt.
00:22:27
Speaker
She ordered several successful military campaigns to ensure the loyalty of cities that were on the edge of Egypt's control. And she defended Egypt from attempted invasions by the Hyksos, which were a big problem for the ancient Egyptians at the time.
00:22:43
Speaker
She also expanded Egypt's trade connections, and the most celebrated of this was an unprecedented voyage to a far-off land that the ancient Egyptians called Punt.
Hatshepsut's Achievements and Challenges
00:22:53
Speaker
We still aren't completely sure where that was today because, unfortunately, we were not left with a map.
00:23:01
Speaker
But most Egyptologists believe that it was likely somewhere along the Red Sea coast of modern-day Eritrea. This trade expedition brought back all sorts of rare trade goods, but it also served as a way to showcase Egypt's skill building large ships that could withstand such a long and dangerous journey.
00:23:23
Speaker
Depictions of Hatshepsut from her earlier years as king show her wearing the ritual clothing exclusively worn by kings, yet still retaining some female aspects to her figure.
00:23:35
Speaker
And then eventually she ordered both depictions of herself as a man with no evidence of her feminine form that was previously there and separate depictions of herself as a woman with the ritual clothing worn by a queen or a priestess, depending on the nature of the depiction.
00:23:54
Speaker
There have been plenty of studies regarding the way that gender representation helped solidify her view in the mind of people. And I will try to link several within the show notes and on social media when I post about this episode.
00:24:10
Speaker
Hatshepsut ruled for 22 successful years and her elaborate tomb was found in the Valley of the Kings with her mummy inside. It was found in 1903, and since then, researchers have been able to study her mummy and determine that she died in her 40s of bone cancer.
00:24:29
Speaker
More recent research has been done to test a bottle from her tomb that was once filled with lotion. It was left as an offering for her to use in the afterlife, and likely it was the same kind that she used in life.
00:24:42
Speaker
When the researchers tested it, they found it contained a fairly large amount of coal ash, which had benzopyrene, which is a chemical naturally found in coal or tar.
00:24:54
Speaker
And it was used still in cosmetics up until very recently. It was banned finally in the EU in 2004 because there was finally research confirming that it caused skin and bone cancer, especially when used in lotions or tanning oils.
00:25:12
Speaker
Unfortunately, Hatshepsut had to find that out thousands of years before the research to back her up. Hatshepsut's ward, Thutmose III, followed her to the throne. Late in his rule, he began ordering the destruction or reattribution of Hatshepsut's monuments.
00:25:29
Speaker
It's really not clear why, since there's no evidence of a violent transfer of power, as I said, she died of bone cancer, or any immediate public denunciation of Hatshepsut after her death.
00:25:43
Speaker
It's possible that it was simply an issue of the patriarchy feeling threatened by a woman potentially reaching that level of power again. This act is called damnatio memore, which is Latin for condemnation of memory.
00:25:57
Speaker
The intent is to remove a person from the public memory and essentially from history, which was viewed as a horrible and permanent second death to the ancient Egyptians.
00:26:08
Speaker
To them, the souls of people who led good lives would have a peaceful and eternal afterlife as long as they were remembered. Lucky for Hatshepsut and those of us who enjoy studying her, many of her monuments have been correctly re-identified and new discoveries keep adding to what we know.
00:26:28
Speaker
In another part of the Theban necropolis, there's an area known as Dir el-Bahri and here rests the famous mortuary temple of Hatshepsut. This temple in its time was known as Jeser Jeseru, which meant Holy of Holies.
00:26:45
Speaker
And it was once part of a much larger funerary complex that also included a second temple called the Valley Temple. That temple was unfortunately destroyed.
00:26:57
Speaker
Jeser Jeseru was an architectural marvel and honestly still is So it's no wonder that Thutmose III couldn't bring himself to destroy it. It's a huge three-tiered structure that is built into the cliff face and stands out amongst all of the other temples and tombs in the area.
00:27:19
Speaker
Visiting Hatshepsut's mortuary temple was probably one of my top five favorite parts of my trip to Egypt, and I could go on about it for quite a while.
00:27:29
Speaker
But the latest discovery is about the nearby valley temple that was destroyed. Just a month before the discovery of Thutmose II's tomb was announced, there was another exciting press release from the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.
00:27:46
Speaker
This one said that around 1500 stones that were once part of the valley temple of Hatshepsut had been found. The excavation team also found objects known as foundational deposits that would have been ritualistically placed below the foundation of the temple so that the site would have had divine blessings.
00:28:07
Speaker
The site of the Valley Temple was previously known by researchers, but not a ton of excavation had been done there because it was just assumed that it had been destroyed and many of the bricks dispersed.
00:28:19
Speaker
It wasn't until recently that archaeologists started looking for the foundations and they found several of the bricks that were the beginnings of the wall that still show vibrant reliefs that were painted thousands of years ago.
00:28:34
Speaker
These artifacts included several wooden tools with inscriptions like Beloved by Amun and In the Temple of Jeser Jeseru. They also found stones with Hatshepsut's names, both her birth name and her royal name, which showed her royal blessing was placed upon the construction.
00:28:51
Speaker
The foundation deposit also included a stone with the name of Hatshepsut's lead architect who designed her famous mortuary temple. His name was Sinemut, and this stone lists his title as overseer of the palace, showing that he was more than just the architect for her mortuary temple.
00:29:09
Speaker
He likely designed her entire funerary complex. And as if that discovery couldn't get any more exciting, archaeologists also found that there were older tombs close by where Hatshepsut chose to build her temples.
00:29:25
Speaker
One of these tombs belonged to Queen Tetescheri, who was the grandmother of the founder of the 18th dynasty, essentially a matriarch of Hatshepsut's line.
00:29:38
Speaker
And possibly exciting only to me because my research path is basketry. But within a lot of these tombs, many of these very specialized basket coffins were found very well preserved.
00:29:54
Speaker
And a rolled mat was found in basically pristine condition preserved here. These are amazing finds. It is unreal to be able to study baskets that date over 3,500 years.
00:30:10
Speaker
It will be very exciting to see what kind of research comes out of these tombs and the new foundation deposits around Hatshepsut's Valley Temple. More and more is constantly being found about this queen who history wanted to erase, but couldn't.
00:30:29
Speaker
And these are all very, very exciting finds from the tomb of Thutmose II to all of these finds around Hatshepsut's temples.
Hatshepsut's Lasting Impact
00:30:38
Speaker
One of my favorite quotes of all time actually comes from Hatshepsut at one of her obelisks at Karnak.
00:30:46
Speaker
She said, now my heart turns this way and that as I think of what people will say, those who see my monuments in years to come and who shall speak of what I have done. And now here we are around 3500 years later, speaking of the things that Hatshepsut has done. Thanks for joining me for this episode where we got to explore the brand new finds coming out of Egypt.
00:31:11
Speaker
It's all very exciting to learn what these tombs and mortuary temples can teach us about the past that was so long ago and yet still feels so close.
Preview of Next Episode and Membership Encouragement
00:31:22
Speaker
For the next episode, we will finally be getting to the Candaces of Moreau and the Queens of Nubia who stood up to Julius Caesar and Rome.
00:31:32
Speaker
I know I had promised it for this episode, but these new discoveries were very exciting and got in the way. Thanks again for listening. Until next time.
00:31:45
Speaker
Thanks for listening. Be sure to subscribe to keep up with new releases. Please leave a rating and a comment. That helps the show reach others who may be interested in the past macabre.
00:31:56
Speaker
For access to bonus content from all Archaeology Podcast Network shows, become a member at archpodnet.com slash members. That's A-R-C-H-P-O-D-N-E-T dot com slash members.
00:32:12
Speaker
You can find show notes for this and other episodes at arcpodnet.com slash TPM and follow Past Macabre on Instagram.
00:32:34
Speaker
Hope to see you there.
00:32:52
Speaker
The Archaeology Podcast Network is 10 years old this year. Our executive producer is Ashley Airy. Our social media coordinator is Matilda Sebrecht. And our chief editor is Rachel Roden. The Archaeology Podcast Network was co-founded by Chris Webster and Tristan Boyle in 2014 and is part of Cultura Media and DigTech LLC. This has been a presentation of the Archaeology Podcast Network.
00:33:13
Speaker
Visit us on the web for show notes and other podcasts at www.archpodnet.com. Contact us at chris at archaeologypodcastnetwork.com.