194. The Oral-Gut Axis | The Oral Microbiome and The Intestinal Microbiome

In this encore episode, we detail the oral-gut microbiota axis, detailing the oral microbiome and its relationship with the intestinal microbiome. We discuss the development of oral biofilm, the transition from plaque to dental calculus, and potential impacts of oral dysbiosis, while highlighting intestinal health and focusing on Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Topics:

1. Overview of the Oral Microbiome and the Oral-Gut Axis

 - The oral cavity and the gut: microbially dense sites.

 - Anatomically distinct but connected and capable of influencing each other.

 - The oral microbiome.

 - Microbial distribution: topography and chemistry of oral surfaces.

2. Oral Cavity Anatomy and Microenvironments

 - The vestibule and oral cavity proper.

 - Lined by oral mucosa, which varies in structure.

 - Unique ecological niches that support different microbial populations.

3. Tooth Structure and Relevance to Microbial Colonization

 - Teeth are embedded in the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible.

 - Tooth structure.

 - Long-term microbial colonization and biofilm development.

4. Biofilm / Dental Plaque Development

 - Biofilm begins with the formation of the acquired pellicle.

- Pioneer species secreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).

- Secondary colonizers coaggregate.

- Coaggregation is species-specific.

- Example.

- Aerobes can lower local oxygen levels, creating micro anaerobic niches that support obligate anaerobes.

5. Maturation of the Biofilm

 - Biofilm composition shifting to anaerobic, proteolytic species such as P. gingivalis.

 - F. nucleatum: a bridge species.

6. Mineralization and Formation of Dental Calculus

 - Mineralization, calcium and phosphate deposition.

 - Dental calculus.

7. Oral Dysbiosis

 - An imbalance in the oral microbial community.

 - Potential signs and symptoms.

- Halitosis, swollen or bleeding gums, tooth sensitivity.

8. Oral-Gut Axis and Systemic Implications

 - Physical, chemical, biochemical, and immunological barriers aid in preventing oral bacteria from colonizing the gut.

 - Oral bacteria can potentially impact intestinal health.

 -  F. nucleatum and IBD.

9. Oral Microbiome Testing

10. Multi-Factorial

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