In this encore episode, we highlight key roles that zinc plays in supporting various aspects of mucosal barrier integrity, while detailing the structure of the intestinal mucosal barrier. We detail key anatomical features, including the mucus layer, epithelial cells, and tight junctions, before discussing zinc’s physiological roles, its relationship with copper, and factors that can affect zinc levels. The discussion further details mechanistic features of zinc absorption as well as specialized forms such as zinc carnosine.



Topics:

1. Introduction

- Overview of intestinal hyperpermeability and intestinal barrier function

- Highlighting the role of zinc

 

2. Intestinal Barrier Anatomy

- Four major layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

- Mucosa subdivisions; focus on epithelium

 

3. The Mucus Layer 

- Location over the epithelial surface

- Composition: mucin-rich, secreted by goblet cells

- Goblet cell mucin storage and expansion upon hydration

- Functions: trapping pathogens, lubricating epithelium, housing molecules including secretory IgA

- Small intestine mucus

- Large intestine mucus

 

4. The Intestinal Epithelium 

- Monolayer of epithelial cells: enterocytes, goblet cells, and more

- Tight junctions, paracellular transport

- Continuous epithelial renewal

 

5. Introduction to Zinc 

- Zinc as a trace mineral required in minute quantities for numerous physiological processes

- Second most abundant trace mineral after iron; majority stored in muscle and bone

- Maintaining plasma and intracellular zinc concentrations within narrow range

- Both deficiency and excess can disrupt biochemical processes

 

6. Zinc and Copper  

- Zinc and copper as closely interconnected minerals

- Zinc, copper, and metallothionein binding in enterocytes

- Both high and low zinc can disrupt zinc-copper balance

- Metallothionein as a cysteine-rich metal-binding protein

 

7. Factors Affecting Zinc Levels 

- Multifactorial

- Possible signs of low zinc status

 

8. Zinc Absorption 

- Dietary sources

- Primary absorption in small intestine

- In the stomach: HCl and pepsin denature proteins and cleave peptide bonds, releasing zinc from protein complexes

- Dietary zinc often bound within tertiary protein structure

- Specialized transporters

 

9. Zinc’s Role in the Intestinal Barrier 

- Zinc and tight junction proteins

- Zinc and Intestinal Epithelial Cells

- Zinc and the mucus layer

 

10. Broader Context of Zinc in Physiology 

 

11. Zinc Carnosine 

- Molecular complex of zinc and carnosine

- L-carnosine composed of beta-alanine and L-histidine

- Gastrointestinal context

 

12. Conclusion

- Multifactorial and multi-system.





Thank you to our episode sponsor:

1. Shop ⁠O-Liv High Phenolic Extra Virgin Olive Oil⁠ [https://o-liv.com/products/o-liv-high-phenolic-olive-oil] and O-Liv's ⁠Olive Oil Supplement⁠ [https://o-liv.com/products/olive-oil-supplement].

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.



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202. Intestinal Hyperpermeability & the Mucosal Barrier | Highlighting the Role of Zinc in Supporting Intestinal Barrier Function

In this episode, we are joined by Dr. Peter Matos who is trained in occupational and preventative medicine and the CEO of O-Liv.



Topics:

1. Overview of Phenolic Compounds



2. Polyphenols as Antioxidants

- Free radicals.

- Endogenous vs exogenous antioxidants.



3. Olive Phenolic Compounds

- Key EVOO phenolics: oleocanthal, hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein.

- How phenolic levels differ in the olive fruit, leaf, and oil.

- Impact of cultivation, storage, and harvest timing on phenolic levels.

- Bioavailability factors.

- Methods of quantifying phenolics.

- Metrics: total phenolic content, low vs high phenolic thresholds.

- Factors that may degrade phenolics over time.

- EFSA criteria for health claims.

- Overview of blood lipids.

- General ways to support cardiovascular health.

- Implications for immune, metabolic, and cognitive health.

- Phenolics as prebiotics supporting beneficial microbes.



4. O-Liv’s Harvesting & Manufacturing Practices

- Early-harvest selection and single-origin sourcing.

- Cold extraction and processing to aid in preserving phenols.

- Supplement manufacturing approach.



5. Olive Oil Labeling

- “Cold-extracted” / “cold-pressed”

- “Single origin” and “estate bottled”

- PDO certification.

- Key lab metrics: acidity, peroxide value, phenolic content.



6. Future Projects for O-Liv.



7. O-Liv Website and Social Media.





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*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.





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201. Supporting Antioxidant Defenses | Phenolic Compounds and Extra Virgin Olive Oil with Dr. Peter Matos

In this encore episode, we detail Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth (SIFO), with a focus on fungal biofilm formation and its role in promoting microbial persistence and evasion of host immune responses. We discuss the phenotypic plasticity of Candida species, as well as biofilm matrices adherent to the intestinal mucosa. We further highlight common symptoms of SIFO as well as the effects of hypochlorhydria, impaired motility, diminished commensal bacterial populations, and weakened mucosal immunity.



Topics:

1. Introduction

- Focus on the gut mucosal barrier.

- Emphasis on Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth (SIFO) and biofilms.



2. Intestinal Barrier Anatomy

- The mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, and a thin band of smooth muscle.

- The epithelial layer.

- Covered by protective mucus composed of mucin glycoproteins secreted by goblet cells.

- In the small intestine: less dense mucus.



3. Epithelial Integrity

- Tight junctions.

- Paracellular barrier preventing uncontrolled antigen passage.



4. Lamina Propria



5. Overview of Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth (SIFO)

- SIFO involves fungal overgrowth in the small intestine, commonly Candida species.

- Small intestines: Low microbial density due to motility, gastric acid, bile acids, immune surveillance, and more.

- Contributing factors: hypochlorhydria, impaired motility, reduced digestive enzymes, diminished competitive flora, lowered immunity, and more.



6. Candida Pathogenicity

- Candida exhibits phenotypic plasticity: yeast and hyphal forms.

- Biofilm formation.



7. Biofilm Formation

- Biofilms are structured communities of microbes within a self-produced extracellular matrix.

- Resistance to antimicrobials and immune defenses.

- Can develop on intestinal mucosa and in various other regions.



8. SIFO and SIBO Overlap

- Root causes and overlap between SIFO and Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO).

- Common symptoms.



9. Gastric Acid in More Detail

- Stomach epithelium includes mucous, parietal, chief, and enteroendocrine cells

- Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid.

- HCl denatures proteins and aids in inhibiting pathogens.

- Hypochlorhydria: possible causes.



10. Downstream Effects of Low Acid



11. Gut Motility in More Detail

- Motility involves rhythmic smooth muscle contractions.

- Enteric nervous system (ENS): myenteric and submucosal plexuses.

- Dysautonomia and motility.



12. SIFO Contributing Factors



13. Candida Regulation

- Candida in unicellular yeast form under homeostatic regulation.

- Controlled by microbial competition, host defenses, antifungal peptides, and more.



14. Role of Mucus and sIgA

- Mucosal immunity and Candida populations.

- Low sIgA levels.



15. Conclusion

- Mucosal barrier structure.

- SIFO and Candida.

- Biofilm formation, microbial persistence, and mucosal disruption.

- SIFO and SIBO.

- Multifactorial nature of fungal dysbiosis, types of biofilms, and small intestinal overgrowth.



Thank you to our episode sponsor:

1. Shop O-Liv High Phenolic Extra Virgin Olive Oil [https://o-liv.com/products/o-liv-high-phenolic-olive-oil] and O-Liv's Olive Oil Supplement [https://o-liv.com/products/olive-oil-supplement].

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.





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200. Intestinal Mycobiome | Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth, Biofilms, and Intestinal Barrier Integrity

In this episode, we are joined by Olga Goldberger, founder of IOKA Skin + Science. Olga holds a Master’s degree in Molecular Biology, and she strived to create a skincare system that applied science to active botanical ingredients that would penetrate the skin and support skin health on the cellular level.





Topics:

1. Anatomy and Function of the Skin Barrier

- Structure of the epidermis, highlighting the Stratum Corneum.

- Role of corneocytes and intercellular lipids in barrier integrity.

 

2. Emulsifiers and Surfactants

- Mechanisms of action.

- Interaction with skin lipids and proteins.

- Classification.

- Transepidermal water loss (TEWL).

- Wash-Out Effect.

 

3. Phospholipids in Skincare Formulation

 

4. Parabens

- Endocrine implications.

 

5. Fragrance components



6. Synthetic colorants



7. Exfoliating agents

- Chemical exfoliants and fruit-derived enzymes.

 

8. Lifestyle and Environmental Influences

- External and internal contributors to oxidativestress.

 

9. Dermal Fibroblasts

- Collagen and elastin.

 

10. NAD+ and precursors.



11. Antioxidants including pterostilbene.



12. Bakuchiol



13. Topical acetyl hexapeptide-8 and copper tripeptide-1.



14. IOKA Skin + Science.



Explore all IOKA Skin + Science products here [https://iokaskinscience.com/].



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199. The Skin Barrier, Skin Health, and Skin Longevity with Olga Goldberger from IOKA Skin+Science

In this encore episode, we detail hypochlorhydria while reviewing gastric lining anatomy, highlighting hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion and its role in digestion, micronutrient absorption, and microbial defense. We discuss potential downstream effects of hypochlorhydria, including impaired digestive signaling, bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine (SIBO), and more. Lastly, we detail upstream microbial control, focusing on possible influences of the oral microbiome and oral dysbiosis.



Topics:

1. Introduction

- Highlighting the stomach and hypochlorhydria / low stomach acid, as well as microbial balance, dysbiosis, and overgrowth.

- Discussion of intestinal microbiome and oral microbiome.

 

2. Gastric Anatomy and Mucosal Layers

- The stomach: cardia, fundus, body, pylorus.

- The gastric mucosa: epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae.

- The epithelial layer: mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells.

- Beneath the mucosa: submucosa and muscular layers that contribute to gastric motility, mechanical digestion, and more.

 

3. Mucous Cells

- The surface epithelium and gastric pits.

- Secretion of thick, viscous mucus.

- Protecting the epithelium.

- The mucus traps bicarbonate ions: neutral microenvironment that protects against acid-induced damage.

 

4. Parietal Cells and Gastric Acid Secretion

- Secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl): denatures dietary proteins, sterilizes ingested food.

- Parietal cells produce intrinsic factor: binds vitamin B12 to facilitate absorption in the ileum.

 

5. Chief Cells and Pepsinogen

- Secretion of pepsinogen: activated by low pH into the proteolytic enzyme pepsin.

- Pepsin and protein digestion.

- Release of gastric lipase.

 

6. Hydrochloric Acid: Digestive and Protective Roles

- Immune defense.

- Pepsinogen activation.

- Adequate gastric acidity essential for properly acidified chyme.

- Priming release of bile and pancreatic enzymes.

 

7. The Small Intestine, Stomach, and Microbial Regulation

- The pyloric sphincter.

- The stomach supports minimal microbial diversity.

- Acidic barrier aids in limiting the entry of opportunistic microbes into the small intestine.

 

8. Hypochlorhydria, Low Stomach Acid

- Hypochlorhydria can compromise one of the body's defense mechanisms.

- Colonization of the small intestine.

- Insufficient pepsinogen activation and possible protein digestion impairment.

- Suboptimal chyme formation and downstream digestive capacity.

- Possible symptoms of hypochlorhydria.

- Possible impaired absorption of micronutrients including vitamin B12, iron, calcium, magnesium.

- H. pylori infection, autoimmunity, aging.

 

9. The Oral Microbiome, Intestinal Microbiome, and Dysbiosis

- Oral and environmental microbes.

- Altered gastric pH, bile, digestive enzymes, and more.

- The oral cavity as the gateway to the GI tract.

- Oral microbial species.

- Oral hygiene and oral microbiome health.

 

10. Conclusion

- Root-cause approach.





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198. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth & Hypochlorhydria | Low Stomach Acid, Intestinal Microbiome Dysbiosis, & a Brief Conversation on the Oral Microbiome

In this encore episode, we detail hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)-dominant small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), focusing on intestinal motility. We briefly review anatomy, focusing on and detailing the interplay between structures supporting motility. Lastly, we detail possible symptoms of hydrogen sulfide-dominant SIBO as well as possible overlap between or among subtypes.



Topics:

1. Introduction to Hydrogen Sulfide-Dominant SIBO 

   - Overview of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) SIBO

   - H₂S production

- Sulfur-containing amino acids

   - Physiological roles of H₂S vs. in excess 

 

2. Hydrogen Sulfide and Gastrointestinal Motility 

   - Possible impact on transit

   - Possible association with IBS-like symptoms in excess

 

3. Anatomy: Intestinal Motility 

   - ENS as the "second brain" 

   - Myenteric and submucosal plexuses: regulation of peristalsis, secretion, blood flow 

   - Gut-brain axis involvement

   - ICCs as pacemaker cells

   - MMC’s role in clearing debris and bacteria

 

4. Dysregulated Motility and SIBO



5. Overlap Across SIBO Subtypes 

   - Possible symptoms

   - Hydrogen and H₂S-dominant SIBO vs. IMO

 

6. Gastric Acid and Its Role

   - HCl secretion by parietal cells and its role in digestion and microbial defense 

   - Hypochlorhydria

 

7. Conclusion

   - Root cause approach.



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197. Hydrogen Sulfide-Dominant SIBO | Gastrointestinal Motility, Hypochlorhydria, Symptoms, Other SIBO Subtypes & More

In this encore episode, we highlight the stomach's role in vitamin B12 absorption and bioavailability, detailing the cellular composition of the gastric mucosa and further highlighting mucous cells, parietal cells, and chief cells. We also briefly discuss Helicobacter pylori and common symptoms, while detailing H. pylori's potential impacts on the gastric mucosal barrier.

 

Topics:

1. Introduction

- Overview of the stomach's role in B12 absorption

- Helicobacter pylori

 

2. H. pylori Overview

- Gram-negative bacterium, can colonize the stomach lining

- Many individuals remain asymptomatic

- Symptoms

- Can contribute to gastritis and peptic ulcers

- Produces urease, hydrolyzes urea into ammonia (NH₃) andcarbon dioxide (CO₂)

- Ammonia neutralizes stomach acid locally, protective microenvironment

- H. pylori damages the mucosal barrier and contributes to persistence

- Possesses additional virulence factors

 

3. Gastric Anatomy 

-  Stomach is divided into the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus

- The gastric mucosa

- The epithelial lining; mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and more

 

4. Mucous Cells and Mucosal Protection 

- Line the gastric pits and secrete thick, viscous mucus

- Mucus composed of water, mucin glycoproteins, and other low-molecular-weight molecules

- Traps bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻)

- Shields the stomach lining

 

5. Parietal Cells 

- Located in the gastric glands, predominantly in the fundus and body

- Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

- Secrete intrinsic factor (IF)

 

6. Vitamin B12 Overview 

- Cobalamin: DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, neurological function, methylation, and more

- Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

- Non-active forms include hydroxocobalamin and synthetic cyanocobalamin

 

  7. Vitamin B12 Absorption Pathway 

- B12 is released from proteins by HCl and pepsin

- Binds first to haptocorrin

- In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes degrade haptocorrin

- B12 binds intrinsic factor

- Absorption in the ileum

- Impairment

 

8. Chief Cells 

- Located in the gastric glands

- Secrete pepsinogen, activated by acid into pepsin

- Also secrete gastric lipase

 

9. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 

- Secreted by parietal cells

- Denatures dietary proteins and activates pepsinogen

- Acts as a defense mechanism by aiding in sterilizing ingested food

 

10. Relevance of H. pylori

- Produces urease that breaks down urea into NH₃ and CO₂

- Ammonia neutralizes acid locally, forming a protective “bubble”

- Enhances mucosal damage and microbial persistence

 

11. B12 Absorption 

- Multiple factors and root causes can impair absorption

- H. pylori

 

12. Hypochlorhydria 

- Symptoms

- Absorption: vitamin B12, iron, calcium, magnesium, more

- Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)

 

13. Conclusion

- Multi-factorial, root cause approach



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196. The Stomach, Gastric Acid, & Vitamin B12 | With a Brief Conversation on H. pylori

In this episode, we are joined by Helmut Schmutz. Helmut developed the original, patented diamine oxidase formulation, and his work serves as a driving force in the innovation at OmneDiem.



Topics:



1.  Histamine

- Exogenous versus endogenous histamine.

- Mast cells as a source of endogenous histamine.

- Endogenous histamine signaling needed for diverse physiological functions.

- Intestinal microbes as a source of histamine production.

- Food as a source of histamine.



2. Dietary Histamine

- Foods higher in histamine.

- Histamine in food and taste.

- Histamine-rich foods and histamine liberators.



3. Histamine Intolerance

- Intolerance versus sensitivity versus allergy

- Hallmark symptoms of histamine intolerance.

- Histamine intolerance and diamine oxidase enzyme insufficiency.



4. Diamine Oxidase Supplementation

- OmneDiem’s enzyme preservation and HDUs.

- Where the supplement acts; protection from the gastric environment.

- Timing of supplementation.



5.  Histamine and Women’s Health

- Hormonal fluctuations and effects on endogenous histamine release or clearance.

- Menopause.



6.  OmneDiem



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195. Histamine Intolerance and Diamine Oxidase Supplementation with Helmut Schmutz from OmneDiem

In this encore episode, we detail the oral-gut microbiota axis, detailing the oral microbiome and its relationship with the intestinal microbiome. We discuss the development of oral biofilm, the transition from plaque to dental calculus, and potential impacts of oral dysbiosis, while highlighting intestinal health and focusing on Fusobacterium nucleatum.



Topics:

1. Overview of the Oral Microbiome and the Oral-Gut Axis

 - The oral cavity and the gut: microbially dense sites.

 - Anatomically distinct but connected and capable of influencing each other.

 - The oral microbiome.

 - Microbial distribution: topography and chemistry of oral surfaces.

 

2. Oral Cavity Anatomy and Microenvironments

 - The vestibule and oral cavity proper.

 - Lined by oral mucosa, which varies in structure.

 - Unique ecological niches that support different microbial populations.

 

3. Tooth Structure and Relevance to Microbial Colonization

 - Teeth are embedded in the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible.

 - Tooth structure.

 - Long-term microbial colonization and biofilm development.

 

4. Biofilm / Dental Plaque Development

 - Biofilm begins with the formation of the acquired pellicle.

- Pioneer species secreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).

- Secondary colonizers coaggregate.

- Coaggregation is species-specific.

- Example.

- Aerobes can lower local oxygen levels, creating micro anaerobic niches that support obligate anaerobes.

 

5. Maturation of the Biofilm

 - Biofilm composition shifting to anaerobic, proteolytic species such as P. gingivalis.

 - F. nucleatum: a bridge species.

 

6. Mineralization and Formation of Dental Calculus

 - Mineralization, calcium and phosphate deposition.

 - Dental calculus.

 

7. Oral Dysbiosis

 - An imbalance in the oral microbial community.

 - Potential signs and symptoms.

- Halitosis, swollen or bleeding gums, tooth sensitivity.

 

8. Oral-Gut Axis and Systemic Implications

 - Physical, chemical, biochemical, and immunological barriers aid in preventing oral bacteria from colonizing the gut.

 - Oral bacteria can potentially impact intestinal health.

 -  F. nucleatum and IBD.

 

9. Oral Microbiome Testing

10. Multi-Factorial



Thank you to our episode sponsors:

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194. The Oral-Gut Axis | The Oral Microbiome and The Intestinal Microbiome

In this episode, we detail the structure and function of the intestinal mucosal barrier, highlighting key roles that zinc plays in supporting various aspects of mucosal barrier integrity. We detail key anatomical features, including the mucus layer, epithelial cells, and tight junctions, before discussing zinc’s physiological roles, its relationship with copper, and factors that can affect zinc levels. The discussion further details mechanistic features of zinc absorption as well as specialized forms such as zinc carnosine.



Topics:

1. Introduction

- Overview of intestinal hyperpermeability and intestinal barrier function

- Highlighting the role of zinc

 

2. Intestinal Barrier Anatomy

- Four major layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

- Mucosa subdivisions; focus on epithelium

 

3. The Mucus Layer 

- Location over the epithelial surface

- Composition: mucin-rich, secreted by goblet cells

- Goblet cell mucin storage and expansion upon hydration

- Functions: trapping pathogens, lubricating epithelium, housing molecules including secretory IgA

- Small intestine mucus

- Large intestine mucus

 

4. The Intestinal Epithelium 

- Monolayer of epithelial cells: enterocytes, goblet cells, and more

- Tight junctions, paracellular transport

- Continuous epithelial renewal

 

5. Introduction to Zinc 

- Zinc as a trace mineral required in minute quantities for numerous physiological processes

- Second most abundant trace mineral after iron; majority stored in muscle and bone

- Maintaining plasma and intracellular zinc concentrations within narrow range

- Both deficiency and excess can disrupt biochemical processes

 

6. Zinc and Copper  

- Zinc and copper as closely interconnected minerals

- Zinc, copper, and metallothionein binding in enterocytes

- Both high and low zinc can disrupt zinc-copper balance

- Metallothionein as a cysteine-rich metal-binding protein

 

7. Factors Affecting Zinc Levels 

- Multifactorial

- Possible signs of low zinc status

 

8. Zinc Absorption 

- Dietary sources

- Primary absorption in small intestine

- In the stomach: HCl and pepsin denature proteins and cleave peptide bonds, releasing zinc from protein complexes

- Dietary zinc often bound within tertiary protein structure

- Specialized transporters

 

9. Zinc’s Role in the Intestinal Barrier 

- Zinc and tight junction proteins

- Zinc and Intestinal Epithelial Cells

- Zinc and the mucus layer

 

10. Broader Context of Zinc in Physiology 

 

11. Zinc Carnosine 

- Molecular complex of zinc and carnosine

- L-carnosine composed of beta-alanine and L-histidine

- Gastrointestinal context

 

12. Conclusion

- Multifactorial and multi-system.





Thank you to our episode sponsors:

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193. The Intestinal Mucosal Barrier & Hyperpermeability | Highlighting the Role of Zinc in Supporting Intestinal Barrier Function

I’m a Model, Engineer, Researcher, and Entrepreneur. Here at The Synthesis of Wellness, I want to shed light on the newest health and wellness practices, research, biohacks, and knowledge! As an engineer and researcher, I am wired to dive deep into these easily misconstrued topics so I can provide the most accurate life-enhancing information. Feel free to reach out with questions or requests and follow me on Instagram to see my modeling work and more @chloe_c_porter Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/chloe-porter6/support

Chloe Porter

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