In this encore episode, we highlight the stomach's role in vitamin B12 absorption and bioavailability, detailing the cellular composition of the gastric mucosa and further highlighting mucous cells, parietal cells, and chief cells. We also briefly discuss Helicobacter pylori and common symptoms, while detailing H. pylori's potential impacts on the gastric mucosal barrier.

 

Topics:

1. Introduction

- Overview of the stomach's role in B12 absorption

- Helicobacter pylori

 

2. H. pylori Overview

- Gram-negative bacterium, can colonize the stomach lining

- Many individuals remain asymptomatic

- Symptoms

- Can contribute to gastritis and peptic ulcers

- Produces urease, hydrolyzes urea into ammonia (NH₃) andcarbon dioxide (CO₂)

- Ammonia neutralizes stomach acid locally, protective microenvironment

- H. pylori damages the mucosal barrier and contributes to persistence

- Possesses additional virulence factors

 

3. Gastric Anatomy 

-  Stomach is divided into the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus

- The gastric mucosa

- The epithelial lining; mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and more

 

4. Mucous Cells and Mucosal Protection 

- Line the gastric pits and secrete thick, viscous mucus

- Mucus composed of water, mucin glycoproteins, and other low-molecular-weight molecules

- Traps bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻)

- Shields the stomach lining

 

5. Parietal Cells 

- Located in the gastric glands, predominantly in the fundus and body

- Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

- Secrete intrinsic factor (IF)

 

6. Vitamin B12 Overview 

- Cobalamin: DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, neurological function, methylation, and more

- Methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

- Non-active forms include hydroxocobalamin and synthetic cyanocobalamin

 

  7. Vitamin B12 Absorption Pathway 

- B12 is released from proteins by HCl and pepsin

- Binds first to haptocorrin

- In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes degrade haptocorrin

- B12 binds intrinsic factor

- Absorption in the ileum

- Impairment

 

8. Chief Cells 

- Located in the gastric glands

- Secrete pepsinogen, activated by acid into pepsin

- Also secrete gastric lipase

 

9. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 

- Secreted by parietal cells

- Denatures dietary proteins and activates pepsinogen

- Acts as a defense mechanism by aiding in sterilizing ingested food

 

10. Relevance of H. pylori

- Produces urease that breaks down urea into NH₃ and CO₂

- Ammonia neutralizes acid locally, forming a protective “bubble”

- Enhances mucosal damage and microbial persistence

 

11. B12 Absorption 

- Multiple factors and root causes can impair absorption

- H. pylori

 

12. Hypochlorhydria 

- Symptoms

- Absorption: vitamin B12, iron, calcium, magnesium, more

- Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)

 

13. Conclusion

- Multi-factorial, root cause approach



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196. The Stomach, Gastric Acid, & Vitamin B12 | With a Brief Conversation on H. pylori

In this episode, we are joined by Helmut Schmutz. Helmut developed the original, patented diamine oxidase formulation, and his work serves as a driving force in the innovation at OmneDiem.



Topics:



1.  Histamine

- Exogenous versus endogenous histamine.

- Mast cells as a source of endogenous histamine.

- Endogenous histamine signaling needed for diverse physiological functions.

- Intestinal microbes as a source of histamine production.

- Food as a source of histamine.



2. Dietary Histamine

- Foods higher in histamine.

- Histamine in food and taste.

- Histamine-rich foods and histamine liberators.



3. Histamine Intolerance

- Intolerance versus sensitivity versus allergy

- Hallmark symptoms of histamine intolerance.

- Histamine intolerance and diamine oxidase enzyme insufficiency.



4. Diamine Oxidase Supplementation

- OmneDiem’s enzyme preservation and HDUs.

- Where the supplement acts; protection from the gastric environment.

- Timing of supplementation.



5.  Histamine and Women’s Health

- Hormonal fluctuations and effects on endogenous histamine release or clearance.

- Menopause.



6.  OmneDiem



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195. Histamine Intolerance and Diamine Oxidase Supplementation with Helmut Schmutz from OmneDiem

In this encore episode, we detail the oral-gut microbiota axis, detailing the oral microbiome and its relationship with the intestinal microbiome. We discuss the development of oral biofilm, the transition from plaque to dental calculus, and potential impacts of oral dysbiosis, while highlighting intestinal health and focusing on Fusobacterium nucleatum.



Topics:

1. Overview of the Oral Microbiome and the Oral-Gut Axis

 - The oral cavity and the gut: microbially dense sites.

 - Anatomically distinct but connected and capable of influencing each other.

 - The oral microbiome.

 - Microbial distribution: topography and chemistry of oral surfaces.

 

2. Oral Cavity Anatomy and Microenvironments

 - The vestibule and oral cavity proper.

 - Lined by oral mucosa, which varies in structure.

 - Unique ecological niches that support different microbial populations.

 

3. Tooth Structure and Relevance to Microbial Colonization

 - Teeth are embedded in the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible.

 - Tooth structure.

 - Long-term microbial colonization and biofilm development.

 

4. Biofilm / Dental Plaque Development

 - Biofilm begins with the formation of the acquired pellicle.

- Pioneer species secreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).

- Secondary colonizers coaggregate.

- Coaggregation is species-specific.

- Example.

- Aerobes can lower local oxygen levels, creating micro anaerobic niches that support obligate anaerobes.

 

5. Maturation of the Biofilm

 - Biofilm composition shifting to anaerobic, proteolytic species such as P. gingivalis.

 - F. nucleatum: a bridge species.

 

6. Mineralization and Formation of Dental Calculus

 - Mineralization, calcium and phosphate deposition.

 - Dental calculus.

 

7. Oral Dysbiosis

 - An imbalance in the oral microbial community.

 - Potential signs and symptoms.

- Halitosis, swollen or bleeding gums, tooth sensitivity.

 

8. Oral-Gut Axis and Systemic Implications

 - Physical, chemical, biochemical, and immunological barriers aid in preventing oral bacteria from colonizing the gut.

 - Oral bacteria can potentially impact intestinal health.

 -  F. nucleatum and IBD.

 

9. Oral Microbiome Testing

10. Multi-Factorial



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194. The Oral-Gut Axis | The Oral Microbiome and The Intestinal Microbiome

In this episode, we detail the structure and function of the intestinal mucosal barrier, highlighting key roles that zinc plays in supporting various aspects of mucosal barrier integrity. We detail key anatomical features, including the mucus layer, epithelial cells, and tight junctions, before discussing zinc’s physiological roles, its relationship with copper, and factors that can affect zinc levels. The discussion further details mechanistic features of zinc absorption as well as specialized forms such as zinc carnosine.



Topics:

1. Introduction

- Overview of intestinal hyperpermeability and intestinal barrier function

- Highlighting the role of zinc

 

2. Intestinal Barrier Anatomy

- Four major layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

- Mucosa subdivisions; focus on epithelium

 

3. The Mucus Layer 

- Location over the epithelial surface

- Composition: mucin-rich, secreted by goblet cells

- Goblet cell mucin storage and expansion upon hydration

- Functions: trapping pathogens, lubricating epithelium, housing molecules including secretory IgA

- Small intestine mucus

- Large intestine mucus

 

4. The Intestinal Epithelium 

- Monolayer of epithelial cells: enterocytes, goblet cells, and more

- Tight junctions, paracellular transport

- Continuous epithelial renewal

 

5. Introduction to Zinc 

- Zinc as a trace mineral required in minute quantities for numerous physiological processes

- Second most abundant trace mineral after iron; majority stored in muscle and bone

- Maintaining plasma and intracellular zinc concentrations within narrow range

- Both deficiency and excess can disrupt biochemical processes

 

6. Zinc and Copper  

- Zinc and copper as closely interconnected minerals

- Zinc, copper, and metallothionein binding in enterocytes

- Both high and low zinc can disrupt zinc-copper balance

- Metallothionein as a cysteine-rich metal-binding protein

 

7. Factors Affecting Zinc Levels 

- Multifactorial

- Possible signs of low zinc status

 

8. Zinc Absorption 

- Dietary sources

- Primary absorption in small intestine

- In the stomach: HCl and pepsin denature proteins and cleave peptide bonds, releasing zinc from protein complexes

- Dietary zinc often bound within tertiary protein structure

- Specialized transporters

 

9. Zinc’s Role in the Intestinal Barrier 

- Zinc and tight junction proteins

- Zinc and Intestinal Epithelial Cells

- Zinc and the mucus layer

 

10. Broader Context of Zinc in Physiology 

 

11. Zinc Carnosine 

- Molecular complex of zinc and carnosine

- L-carnosine composed of beta-alanine and L-histidine

- Gastrointestinal context

 

12. Conclusion

- Multifactorial and multi-system.





Thank you to our episode sponsors:

1. ⁠⁠⁠⁠OmneDiem®'s⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://www.amazon.com/stores/page/84A3BB45-2B2F-40C4-875D-05E587537868?maas=maas_adg_api_576667884498755637_static_9_129&ref_=aa_maas&tag=maas&aa_campaignid=lv_BzLJQZ4X3NeikoXCQ3&aa_adgroupid=lv_29i5Pjvq2NhZrkKeao&aa_creativeid=lv_t6sR6Eyx7pPJ2nOJbq&m=A1BSFJAZYE4J9V] ⁠⁠⁠⁠Histamine Digest®⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://www.amazon.com/stores/page/84A3BB45-2B2F-40C4-875D-05E587537868?maas=maas_adg_api_576667884498755637_static_9_129&ref_=aa_maas&tag=maas&aa_campaignid=lv_BzLJQZ4X3NeikoXCQ3&aa_adgroupid=lv_29i5Pjvq2NhZrkKeao&aa_creativeid=lv_t6sR6Eyx7pPJ2nOJbq&m=A1BSFJAZYE4J9V] and

193. The Intestinal Mucosal Barrier & Hyperpermeability | Highlighting the Role of Zinc in Supporting Intestinal Barrier Function

We are honored to be joined today by Dr. Barbara Paldus. Dr. Barbara Paldus is a scientist, serial entrepreneur, and the founder of Codex labs. She holds over 50 US patents and has started multiple companies in various industries, including climate monitoring and biotechnology. She hasdeveloped Codex Labs in order to deliver affordable, clinically proven skin-gut-brain solutions that support the gut microbiome and healthy skin, without sacrificing sustainability.



Topics:

1. Eczema

- Characteristic features of a healthy epidermal barrier

- Defective skin barrier in eczema

- Dry, itchy skin prone to infections

- Genetic, immune, and environmental contributors to eczema pathogenesis

- Filaggrin (FLG) gene mutations associated with barrier dysfunction

- Other genes involved

- Role of Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF)

- Role of the skin microbiome in supporting barrier function



2. Traditional Care for Eczema

- Topical steroid withdrawal (TSW)



3. Gut Microbiome and Eczema

- Dysbiosis in atopic dermatitis patients

- Increased intestinal permeability



4. BIA Line of Products

- Prebiotic supplement

- Symbiotic dietary supplement: Dermatological health probiotic blend



5. ANTÜ Skin Barrier Support Supplement

- L-histidine, filaggrin, and NMF production

- M3: Ethnicare®

- Clinical studies



6. Acne

- SHAANT line and acne

- Ingredients in Skin De-Stress supplement for supporting hormonal, metabolic, and psychological health



7. Efficacy Panel



8. Traditional Acne Treatments



9. Telehealth Platform: DECODE.ME

- Dermatology, diagnostics, and naturopathic treatments





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192. Integrative Dermatology, Eczema, Acne, & The Gut-Skin Axis with Dr. Barbara Paldus, Founder of Codex Labs

In this encore episode, we detail the gut-immune axis, focusing on the protective mucus layer and the roles of secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin in intestinal health. We discuss endogenous secretions as well as highlight lactoferrin testing and levels.



Topics:

1. The Intestinal Barrier & Mucus Layer

- The intestinal lumen, microbiome, mucus layer, epithelial cells, and lamina propria.

- The mucus layer: antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and secretory IgA (sIgA).

- Intestinal epithelial cells including goblet cells and enterocytes.



2. Immune Cells in the Gut

- The lamina propria.

- Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells, T cells, mast cells, and more.



3. Antimicrobial Peptides & Secretory IgA

- AMPs and sIgA in the mucus layer aid in regulating microbial balance and pathogen adhesion.



4. Lactoferrin: Functions & Sources

- Iron-binding glycoprotein, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties.

- Found in mucosal secretions, colostrum, and more.

- Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and neutrophils.



5. Lactoferrin’s Role in Intestinal Health

- Regulates iron absorption via lactoferrin receptors (LFR)on enterocytes.

- Sequesters free iron, limiting bacterial growth, bacteriostatic.

- Destabilizes bacterial membranes, cell lysis, bactericidal.



6. Lactoferrin Levels

- Neutrophils release lactoferrin during infection,increasing its presence in the large intestine.

- Fecal lactoferrin levels.

- Fecal calprotectin levels.



7. Candida Overgrowth



8. Lactoferrin Supplementation to Support the Gut



9. Conclusion

- The intestinal mucus layer.

- Lactoferrin.





Thank you to our episode sponsor:

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191. The Gut-Immune Axis | Intestinal Secretory IgA, Lactoferrin, and Lactoferrin Levels

In this encore episode, we detail overlap among intestinal methanogen overgrowth (IMO), hydrogen-dominant small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (H₂-SIBO), and hydrogen sulfide-dominant SIBO (H₂S-SIBO), discussing their mechanistic interactions. We discuss methanogenic archaea, as well hydrogen sulfide- and hydrogen-producing microbes and their contributions to altered gastrointestinal motility, epithelial barrier function, and neuromuscular signaling. We detail host endogenous defense mechanisms, including gastric acid secretion, pancreatic enzymatic activity, bile flow, intestinal motility, and more.



Topics:

1. Introduction

- Overview of intestinal methanogen overgrowth (IMO), hydrogen sulfide-dominant SIBO, and hydrogen-dominant SIBO 

- Discussion of overlap

 

2. Intestinal Methanogen Overgrowth (IMO)

- Characterized by an overabundance of methane-producing archaea 

- Methane and intestinal transit

- Bloating, abdominal discomfort, constipation 

- Associated with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) 

 

3. Overlap Between IMO and SIBO Subtypes

- Hydrogen as a substrate for methane and/or hydrogen sulfide production

- Shared potential root causes

 

4. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) and Protective Mechanisms

- The small intestine remains relatively free of bacteria due to protective mechanisms 

- Gastric acid secretion 

- Pancreatic enzymes and bile

- Intestinal motility

- Structural abnormalities

 

5. Hydrogen-Dominant SIBO

- Increased hydrogen and intestinal transit

- Potential symptoms, diarrhea, postprandial bloating 

- Different forms of SIBO can coexist

 

6. Hydrogen Sulfide-Dominant SIBO

- H₂S and intestinal motility

- H₂S and intestinal epithelial integrity

- Symptoms, associations with IBS diarrhea   

 

7. Host Defense Mechanisms Regulating Microbial Balance

- Gastric acid secretion, pancreatic enzyme activity, bile flow, intestinal motility, and more

 

8. Gastric Acid and Its Role in Microbial Regulation

- Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor 

- Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, conversion into pepsin in acidic conditions 

- Gastric acid, digestion and antimicrobial defense 

 

9. Hypochlorhydria

- Low gastric acid impairs microbial defense

- Reduced acidity disrupts digestion and downstream pancreatic enzyme and bile release 

 

10. Pancreatic Enzymes and Their Role in Microbial Regulation

- Pancreatic enzymes, digestion, antimicrobial activity

- Enzymes modify chyme to limit fermentable substrates that fuel microbial proliferation 

 

11. Intestinal Motility

- Coordinated contractions propel food, microbes, and waste through the GI tract 

- The enteric nervous system (ENS) and gut motility

- The myenteric plexus controls peristalsis, while the submucosal plexus regulates secretion and absorption 

 

12. Conclusion

- Intestinal methanogen overgrowth (IMO), hydrogen-dominant SIBO, and hydrogen sulfide-dominant SIBO 

- Overlap in symptoms and microbial interactions 

- Host defense mechanisms, including gastric acid, pancreatic enzymes, and motility 

- Intestinal motility and ENS function in microbial homeostasis 

- Hydrogen sulfide as a gasotransmitter





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190. IMO, SIBO Subtypes | Interactions Among Intestinal Methanogen Overgrowth (IMO), Hydrogen Sulfide-Dominant Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth, and Hydrogen-Dominant SIBO

In this encore episode, we highlight the role of vitamin B1 (thiamine) in supporting gastrointestinal function, focusing on intestinal motility while detailing vitamin B1's involvement in acetyl-CoA and acetylcholine synthesis. We discuss thiamine insufficiency as well as how small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) may further affect thiamine availability. We further detail host defense mechanisms—including gastric acid, pancreatic enzymes, and gastrointestinal motility—that work in concert to regulate microbial balance in the small intestine.



Topics:

1. Introduction

- Focus on SIBO, intestinal motility, and vitamin B1 (thiamine)

 

2. Small Intestine and Microbial Regulation

- Low bacterial load under healthy conditions 

- Protective mechanisms: gastric acid, enzymes, motility… 

 

3. Overview of SIBO Subtypes

- H₂-SIBO, hydrogen-producing bacteria 

- IMO, methane-producing archaea 

- H₂S-SIBO, hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria 

- Subtypes can coexist, share underlying factors 

 

4. Host Factors in Microbial Regulation

- Gastric acid, motility, pancreatic enzymes, bile acids, and immune surveillance

 

5. Gastric Acid and Parietal Cells 

- Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor 

- Acid environment supports digestion and microbial regulation 

- Protein denaturation and pepsin activation

 

6. Chief Cells and Enzyme Function

- Pepsinogen and gastric lipase 

- Pepsinogen activated by acidic pH 

 

7. Hypochlorhydria and Downstream Effects

 

8. Pancreatic Enzymes in the Small Intestine 

 

9. Intestinal Motility and the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

- Coordinated smooth muscle contractions 

- Myenteric and submucosal plexuses 

 

10. Intestinal Wall Anatomy 

- Epithelium and lamina propria

- Submucosa contains the submucosal plexus 

- Myenteric plexus located between muscle layers 

 

11. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) and Gastrointestinal Function 

- Acetylcholine synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA 

- Acetyl-CoA formation, thiamine availability 

- Acetylcholine signaling

 

12. SIBO and Nutrient Availability

- Bacterial overgrowth can affect nutrient absorption 

- Thiaminases 

 

13. Conclusion 

- Root cause approach, multi-factorial



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189. Gastrointestinal Motility | The Role of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) in Motility and Supporting Gastrointestinal Function, and a Brief Conversation on SIBO

In this episode, we detail connections between H. pylori and hypochlorhydria, while highlighting possible downstream effects on nutrient absorption. We examine how reduced gastric acidity can impair the liberation and assimilation of certain micronutrients, including iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and more; and we further discuss the impact of low stomach acid upon downstream digestive enzyme activation and gut microbial balance. The discussion also highlights the role of compromised gastric acidity in conditions such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).



Topics:

1. Hypochlorhydria

- Low stomach acid.

- Aging, autoimmune gastritis, chronic PPI use, H. pylori infection.



2. H. pylori

- Common gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach lining.

- Symptoms.

- Produces urease.

- Ammonia neutralizes acid, creating a protective microenvironment.

- Additional virulence factors and ability to form biofilms contribute to persistence.



3. Gastric Anatomy & Layers

- The stomach: hollow, muscular organ for mechanical and chemical digestion.

- Regions: Cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.

- Layers: Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa



4. Mucosal Layer

- Surface mucous cells secrete a thick bicarbonate-rich, protective mucus.

- Gastric pits lead to gastric glands, which contain specialized secretory cells.



5. Specialized Gastric Cells

- Parietal Cells: Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (IF).

- Chief Cells: Secrete pepsinogen (converted to pepsin by HCl) and gastric lipase.

- Role of HCl: Activates pepsin, denatures proteins, and contributes to nutrient absorption.

- Intrinsic factor and vitamin B12 absorption.



6. Vitamin B12 Absorption

- Essential for DNA synthesis, RBC formation, neurological function.

- Released from food proteins by gastric acid and pepsin.

- Impaired absorption.



7. Role of Gastric Acid in Broader Micronutrient Absorption

- Absorption of minerals.

- Soluble, ionized state.

- Iron: HCl aids in preventing insoluble precipitates and supports iron absorption.



8. Protective Role of Gastric Acid

- Acts as a line of defense against ingested pathogens.

- Maintains low microbial diversity in the stomach.

- Low HCl and SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth).



9. Symptoms of Low Stomach Acid

- Bloating, early satiety, excessive belching.

- Undigested food in stool, chronic constipation.

- May reflect impaired enzymatic activation and digestive insufficiency.



10. Conclusion

- Multifactorial causes and downstream effects.

- Optimal range of stomach acid: neither high nor low.





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188. The Stomach | Symptoms of H. pylori & Hypochlorhydria, and a Conversation on the Effects of Low Stomach Acid on Micronutrient Absorption

In this episode, we detail Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth (SIFO), with a focus on fungal biofilm formation and its role in promoting microbial persistence and evasion of host immune responses. We discuss the phenotypic plasticity of Candida species, as well as biofilm matrices adherent to the intestinal mucosa. We further highlight common symptoms of SIFO as well as the effects of hypochlorhydria, reduced pancreatic enzyme and bile output, impaired motility, diminished commensal bacterial populations, and weakened mucosal immunity.



Topics:

1. Introduction

- Focus on the gut mucosal barrier.

- Emphasis on Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth (SIFO) and biofilms.



2. Intestinal Barrier Anatomy

- The mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, and a thin band of smooth muscle.

- The epithelial layer.

- Covered by protective mucus composed of mucin glycoproteins secreted by goblet cells.

- In the small intestine: less dense mucus.



3. Epithelial Integrity

- Tight junctions.

- Paracellular barrier preventing uncontrolled antigen passage.



4. Lamina Propria



5. Overview of Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth (SIFO)

- SIFO involves fungal overgrowth in the small intestine, commonly Candida species.

- Small intestines: Low microbial density due to motility, gastric acid, bile acids, immune surveillance, and more.

- Contributing factors: hypochlorhydria, impaired motility, reduced digestive enzymes, diminished competitive flora, lowered immunity, and more.



6. Candida Pathogenicity

- Candida exhibits phenotypic plasticity: yeast and hyphal forms.

- Biofilm formation.



7. Biofilm Formation

- Biofilms are structured communities of microbes within a self-produced extracellular matrix.

- Resistance to antimicrobials and immune defenses.

- Can develop on intestinal mucosa and in various other regions.



8. SIFO and SIBO Overlap

- Root causes and overlap between SIFO and Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO).

- Common symptoms.



9. Gastric Acid in More Detail

- Stomach epithelium includes mucous, parietal, chief, and enteroendocrine cells

- Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid.

- HCl denatures proteins and aids in inhibiting pathogens.

- Hypochlorhydria: possible causes.



10. Downstream Effects of Low Acid



11. Gut Motility in More Detail

- Motility involves rhythmic smooth muscle contractions.

- Enteric nervous system (ENS): myenteric and submucosal plexuses.

- Dysautonomia and motility.



12. SIFO Contributing Factors



13. Candida Regulation

- Candida generally remains in unicellular yeast form under homeostatic regulation.

- Controlled by microbial competition, host defenses, antifungal peptides, and more.



14. Role of Mucus and sIgA

- Mucosal immunity (including sIgA) aids in regulating Candida populations.

- Low sIgA levels (due to stress, immune suppression, dysbiosis,…) weaken defense



15. Conclusion

- Mucosal barrier structure.

- SIFO and Candida.

- Biofilm formation, microbial persistence, and mucosal disruption.

- SIFO and SIBO.

- Multifactorial nature of fungal dysbiosis, types of biofilms, and small intestinal overgrowth.



Thank you to our episode sponsor:

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187. Intestinal Mycobiome | Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth, Biofilm Formation & Microbial Persistence, and Intestinal Barrier Integrity

I’m a Model, Engineer, Researcher, and Entrepreneur. Here at The Synthesis of Wellness, I want to shed light on the newest health and wellness practices, research, biohacks, and knowledge! As an engineer and researcher, I am wired to dive deep into these easily misconstrued topics so I can provide the most accurate life-enhancing information. Feel free to reach out with questions or requests and follow me on Instagram to see my modeling work and more @chloe_c_porter Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/chloe-porter6/support

Chloe Porter

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