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Développer la chaîne de valeur des minéraux en Afrique
29 Plays1 month ago
Invitée : Marit Kitaw, économiste du secteur minier à la Commission Économique pour l’Afrique (CEA)
Le podcast Pardon My Planet présente sa première série en français, consacrée aux partenariats entre l’Afrique et l’Europe autour des matières premières critiques. À travers trois épisodes, cette série explore les enjeux de souveraineté, d’inclusion, et de développement durable dans le secteur minier africain.
Pourquoi l’Afrique, malgré ses ressources naturelles immenses, continue-t-elle à exporter la majorité de ses matières premières à l’état brut ? Cet épisode explore les freins structurels et les opportunités pour localiser davantage de valeur ajoutée, encourager la transformation locale et bâtir une industrie minière africaine plus intégrée, plus durable et mieux adaptée à la diversité du continent.
Retrouvez plus d'informations sur lgi.earth/fr/podcast
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Transcript
Introduction to Economic Justice and Africa's Value Chain
00:00:10
Speaker
Welcome to this new episode of Pardon My Planet. I'm Anwar and going to a the and economic justice, how to explain how so few of the value chain are developed locally?
00:00:50
Speaker
Bienvenue Marit! Merci beaucoup, je suis très contente d'être ici.
00:00:57
Speaker
de minéraux critiques par exemple?
Africa's Mineral Wealth and Local Challenges
00:01:03
Speaker
Of course, when we say Africa is rich in resources, we refer the natural abundance of the continent in strategic minerals and non-strategic minerals. I mean, it depends on the definition. um But we have about 30% of the world reserves of minerals in general, 40% of the gold, for example.
00:01:21
Speaker
But these resources, such as the Zimbabwe, Mali, and everyone now finds lithium. Before, it was not very strategic.
00:01:41
Speaker
There is Madagascar. also in Tanzania. And we also have rare lands in Burundi, Malawi, etc. Also, we have 70% of the chromium reserves in Africa. I mean, in abundance for the critical minerals or other in general, it is there. The numbers are there, to tell you.
00:02:12
Speaker
eor vi semor faa a tabodos kumar e ah lepi de so contino ise du le ah gerri e bo commola And this or that these states are fixed?
00:02:41
Speaker
There was a them in brutals. There were revenues there were still costs illicit financiers.
00:02:57
Speaker
There was of course the fiscality but what comes back the country not really... It was not related to the transformation of the country or continent.
00:03:19
Speaker
Really, to see
00:03:27
Speaker
ah industries liées aux minerais, etc. Donc cette vision a a eu des réformes, surtout des politiques minières dans la plupart des pays qui sont vraiment, les pays que j'ai cités, qui sont vraiment dotés ces ressources-là, ils ont fait des réformes from their politics, etc. da vo
00:04:00
Speaker
poor sorted with the da de halffimon the den chara somi reitta has to a but not For example, I can give you an example.
Export of Raw Materials and Economic Impact
00:04:28
Speaker
95% of the cobalt exterior in RDC is exported without transformation. ahier revvoli de je rava diquees on dipo soandra production on koal verni la they say donvoam police chief africarico salmo jeal mal And but it still remains and according to the numbers, less than 5% of the revenue generated by extra miners remain in Africa after the transformation the foreign.
00:05:07
Speaker
marre la vio miner husbandpien mal grili reform theli min <unk>tan be ah a you know inanjuraliza fun de jo le rous nare emitton la So of place il a de nombreuses années?
00:05:43
Speaker
C'est les politiques qui sont pas assez mises en place sur le terrain. Qu'est-ce qui fait que ça bloque un petit peu? C'est une très bonne question. Vous avez donné quand même des éléments de réponse.
00:06:14
Speaker
At the colonial to the port and we exported them.
00:06:26
Speaker
It was only what we've tried to do for 16 years ago, it's to do, as we say in English, reverse engineering. In French, also say reverse engineering.
00:06:37
Speaker
ahverip has Because it was not considered that the Governance Framework.
00:07:08
Speaker
ah So I mean, we have all the elements, but we have to really have deliberate policy. You
00:07:20
Speaker
And also, the necessary skills, because it's very pointy. her yeah And financing, as you say. There are four elements.
Potential and Needs for Local Production
00:07:30
Speaker
rev pal unitu de boombarque timmonion de milvanteren sola dc I to Africa, African Finance Corporation and others.
00:07:48
Speaker
One of the results they received, is that there is a cost and a emission advantage yeah and avanta emision to make batteries, precursors of batteries in RDC.
00:08:03
Speaker
ah
00:08:12
Speaker
But there is also a cost advantage in the country in RDC. And so When we say delivered, we talked about infrastructure. We really need to get capital for infrastructure.
00:08:34
Speaker
We also need to have elements for technology. We need to have the necessary skills. You need to if of
00:09:06
Speaker
It needs to a policy, a industrial strategy, and it needs to be valued regions. I mean, not only countries, have regional vision.
00:09:20
Speaker
Because it's where Mozambique, for example, has the graffiti, they don't have the cobalt. So if there a likeion inu zealand in RDC, they can export their graphite for RDC and really take advantage of the factory.
00:09:37
Speaker
But for that, we really need to have a It was adopted.
00:09:51
Speaker
ah strategic less strategic in ver ala dute And this strategy, as I really speaks of what we just
Strategies for Resource Utilization
00:10:01
Speaker
talked about. For example, if we want a battery energy, renewable energy, of course, but we are not yet there, so we need to find energy, infrastructure.
00:10:23
Speaker
or how finance, etc., it gives a donremo oh ah roadmap, a road map, road map. How to do it? The main levier to block this situation would be less siloed between public policies, local and regional administrations and maybe also industry, to be able to have a function of
00:10:54
Speaker
a
00:11:04
Speaker
have the regional like the SADEC, the CDAO, etc. me Every country is sovereign.
00:11:17
Speaker
There is like in Europe, example. So we can't force them to adopt this kind of politics, etc. Another thing that we haven't really talked about, is and de ze mappe there's also peace amina pet There are thousands of thousands, sometimes informally. human side also, must really take care of displacement. Are they beneficial, people who are there?
00:11:49
Speaker
a ramoluu ah fer ensort kia And sign with the mining companies.
00:12:08
Speaker
It's not very transparent.
00:12:17
Speaker
local laws, etc. At least, it must be a win-win contract. And for that, we must have an asymmetric commitment in terms of knowledge,
00:12:30
Speaker
So there are all these elements that play. For example, in the industrial policy, it's not obvious. We must be aware of all these elements, the the of the Minutes, the Ministry of the Revenue, the Ministry of the Genre and the Environment, etc. And this coherence, sometimes it's not obvious, but must be With a continent which counts, not only 54 countries, it
00:13:08
Speaker
oh good it's easy to imagine a common model of development on the domain of the mining extraction and the transformation on place etc. Or maybe it's also to think by block and region as said but all in keeping coherence and link between public policies and those who are really on the ground and understand better than the people who are a little more We have discussed the Marit, the key levels?
00:13:49
Speaker
lezelo orrkle is it very disparate in continents, in the regions?
00:14:09
Speaker
It's like here strategic you read the different, etc. if we don't promote suutir ifva world is amon compar evo oneer tepeision but ah doniv ramo civilise since sit saidtii vineco ah sad So see
00:14:51
Speaker
rafinage la one ma majority demitto com le koba The
00:15:03
Speaker
ah u see at the been bit of purification, etc. The Europe also a little bit. But China, for example, controls more than 70% the world's carbon dioxide, I already told you, and more than the RDC.
00:15:33
Speaker
China is the one who dominates, but there are also other countries who do it.
Africa's Role in Global Battery Production
00:15:51
Speaker
for Indonesia, etc. But as we talk about Africa, Africa remains marginally in this stage. If we go back to the assembly and the fabrication of batteries, electric engines, even solar panels, there are very few capacity, but there is still, as I said, the South Africa, which has some progress, and the Morocco, which has some of the factories, especially for phosphate,
00:16:18
Speaker
and for other, even they have even assembled for cars, etc. But the a a innovation technology. it's that, it's also where Africa should really focus on. The etc. ah
00:17:09
Speaker
oh
00:17:20
Speaker
For example, in Asia, it spends 3%. We just have a excellence center in the Mumbashi for batteries. It even called the excellence center for batteries. poly polytech polybari per me excelonpo some diion mopolava We need to make investments dedicated to that.
Call for Industrial Development and Partnerships
00:17:51
Speaker
of Africa and its colonial past. It's quite a shame.
00:18:00
Speaker
de manière concrète sur le terrain.
00:18:19
Speaker
success stories pour mettre en place et qui ont appliqué cette vision? which is a long term,
00:18:38
Speaker
a one to comme says says ah compbuita sanrupu cuppeque comjii mo so come say seeysi comes through zavi dealla fru infrastructureure etc musis say ki do do mentalityity you see mindset com on sim mindsets And,
00:18:57
Speaker
It's really, we have to say, there are so
00:19:21
Speaker
don ki up <unk> deru kiddotemizison bla The success stories, as you said, there are. mentioned the
00:19:42
Speaker
the Botswana, who could really take advantage of these diamonds. sumutran the me the for diversification ver i live like eight on ahlare They to
00:20:00
Speaker
They can earn up to 11 billion dollars just for But as I said, it doesn't come back. There are all the financial flux illicit, it not really benefit from the fiscal side. And if they up to the refining and precursor, they go up to 271 billion dollars.
00:20:15
Speaker
sopamon benefici du couldai fiscity etc isilvoca zkco hafinage eisco prie voyage can do so so something mina of revenue, I mean, of value, value added. And if they go to do bloomberg a park john the
00:20:43
Speaker
baby But things change quickly, maybe they change. But battery, will be this millions de milliards. Trillion. Donc, je veux dire, c'est pas, c'est vraiment, et donc, si vous avez un a PIB who has 7 million or 2 million, really transform your country.
00:21:03
Speaker
It's transformational. Imagine that, you do it with the and It's really an economy scale.
00:21:15
Speaker
ah is it ummo with yossi but um i withifromo pal pa sipa And
00:21:27
Speaker
the industry? We also talk about investors.
00:21:44
Speaker
And why is there not an investors from Africa directly in this sector? Yes, investors. When we talk about foreign investments, we always think about North or China or other investments, but why not African investments, even the diaspora?
00:22:03
Speaker
as you know, Africa, we have a real risk or perceived risk. yeah There are risks, I mean, there are conflicts, there are also risks or else, of governance, of credibility, of politics, etc. Well, I must say that most of most of you are really perceived.
00:22:25
Speaker
For example, because there is war in Ukraine, it's not that everyone doesn't invest in Europe, I mean, but when there is conflict somewhere in Africa, it's all that Africa is affected, risked, etc.
00:22:38
Speaker
Even if
00:22:57
Speaker
ah on ah on on ters'sce ah the fervalvo no le reserve So,
00:23:05
Speaker
good north african see swa garunti pacuqueon de guant pes skifu rammo sitresant toif is deep space but salmolorraio etc as ah dumobuul capita long liotpe can guarantee with the bourse what we don't have in Africa.
00:23:27
Speaker
don't on um viage tola rudi um toola only fate me finalmo iffuu on So to work that needs.
00:23:39
Speaker
so lampam say ramulla miserable of kiunmer before isi ramo on vocula las africa and vis a pascoitricka and to capital If
00:24:03
Speaker
in Africa, through African Union and the partners. I talked about transfer technologies, transformation local, the development of African skills.
00:24:17
Speaker
It's like they say win-win, gagnant-gagnant for the
00:24:33
Speaker
Even for really, we need clear commitments the local industrial development, etc. So we are really open for partnerships, but equitable.
00:24:47
Speaker
That's the message I wanted to give you. Thank you very much for this conclusion.
Podcast Series Conclusion
00:24:53
Speaker
For those who want to listen to the other episodes, this episode is part of a series, the first French series podcasts in the field of Pardon My Planet.
00:25:02
Speaker
You can listen to the website lgi.earth. Until then, take care of you and I say to you very soon for a new episode.