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Systemic Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) w/ Dr. Emma McMain
29 Plays1 year ago
Today we are joined by Dr. Emma McMain. Emma works in the College of Education at Washington State University as a postdoctoral teacher and researcher, focusing on assessment for pre-service elementary teachers, cultural considerations in education, and social and emotional learning (SEL). Her work aims to promote social and ecological justice, seeing education as an important site of social transformation.
Dr McMain's recent works include: Drawing the line: Teachers affectively and discursively question what counts as “appropriate behavior” in schools — which dissects the power dynamics of classrooms in determining what is “appropriate” behavior; and The “Problem Tree” of SEL: A Sociopolitical Literature Review — which contextualizes what social-emotional learning actually means in a classroom setting from a variety of perspectives and in history. Particularly, we wanted to reach out and talk more about the idea of SEL as systemic change versus SEL as an add-on, and why this matters as we think about racism, sexism, neoliberalism, and more, especially in the context of SEL in the ongoing culture war and attacks on schools.
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Transcript
Introduction to Human Restoration Project and Supporters
00:00:10
Speaker
All right, everyone.
00:00:11
Speaker
Hello and welcome to our latest episode of our podcast.
00:00:14
Speaker
My name is Chris McNutt and I'm part of the progressive education nonprofit human restoration project.
00:00:19
Speaker
Before we get started, I want to let you know that this is brought to you by our supporters, three of whom are Daniel Kearney, Julia Valenti and Leah Kelly.
00:00:27
Speaker
Thank you for your ongoing support.
00:00:29
Speaker
You can learn more about the human restoration project on our website, human restoration project.org.
00:00:33
Speaker
or find us on social media and YouTube.
Dr. Emma McMain's Focus Areas
00:00:36
Speaker
Today we are joined by Dr. Emma McMain.
00:00:39
Speaker
Emma works in the College of Education at Washington State University as a postdoctoral teacher and researcher, focusing on assessment for pre-service elementary teachers, cultural considerations in education, and social-emotional learning, aka SEL.
00:00:54
Speaker
Her work aims to promote social and ecological justice, seeing education as an important site of social transformation.
SEL: Systemic Change or Add-On?
00:01:02
Speaker
Her recent works include Drawing the Line, Teachers Effectively and Discursively Question About What Counts as Appropriate Behavior in Schools, which dissects the power dynamics of classrooms and determining what is then a kind of scare quotes, appropriate behavior.
00:01:18
Speaker
And as well, the problem tree of SEL, a sociopolitical literature review, which contextualizes what SEL actually means in a classroom setting from a variety of perspectives and in history.
00:01:30
Speaker
So we reached out and want to talk more about this idea of SEL as systemic change versus SEL as an add-on.
00:01:38
Speaker
So thinking about SEL in the lens of racism, sexism, neoliberalism, and more, especially then considering the culture war attacks on schools and how SEL
Conservative Views on SEL
00:01:48
Speaker
is being framed.
00:01:48
Speaker
But before we dive into that, Emma, thank you for joining us on this discussion.
00:01:53
Speaker
Yeah, thank you for having me.
00:01:55
Speaker
I'm excited to dive into it.
00:01:57
Speaker
All right, well, let's just jump right into that last point, which is social-emotional learning.
00:02:03
Speaker
I mean, SEL has been defined in many different ways.
00:02:06
Speaker
Some conservative lawmakers see it as socialist or part of critical race theory.
00:02:12
Speaker
Some of it see it as this optional tag-on.
00:02:16
Speaker
So I think about doing yoga during standardized testing.
00:02:20
Speaker
It's like a way for us to get through the issues that may be presented by the education system itself.
00:02:28
Speaker
So could you provide or, you know, it could also be a systemic overhaul.
00:02:32
Speaker
It could be a good thing as well.
00:02:33
Speaker
So could you provide an overview on what SEL is and like why this is the case?
00:02:39
Speaker
Why are we all interpreting it in different ways?
00:02:42
Speaker
Yeah, all I, two of my favorite philosophers always say like, start in the middle.
00:02:47
Speaker
Cause I'm like, I don't know where to start.
00:02:48
Speaker
So I'll start in the middle.
Historical Context of SEL
00:02:50
Speaker
Because like you say, SEL is such a broad term that I feel like we have to treat it with nuance, right?
00:02:57
Speaker
Like in the midst of these culture wars and we have a lot of really conservative communities considering SEL as like a Trojan horse for critical race theory or the newest variant of the CRT virus.
00:03:10
Speaker
And just like,
00:03:11
Speaker
bringing it under really brutal attack.
00:03:14
Speaker
And then I think in response to that, there can be this kind of panacea discourse of like SEL is amazing.
00:03:20
Speaker
And this like long awaited recognition of sociality and emotionality in schools, like huzzah, like we did it.
00:03:27
Speaker
And so I always think like, wait, let's back up a second.
00:03:30
Speaker
This isn't really a sided issue.
00:03:32
Speaker
It's a layered issue.
00:03:34
Speaker
Um, so I think one of those layers, which is kind of like a paradoxical layer is that SEL is kind of new, but it's also really not new.
00:03:44
Speaker
Um, like you mentioned the historical piece, um, I'll do just kind of a quick, like deep dive into how, if we look at like the early 1900s, progressive education, um,
00:03:56
Speaker
And the 1920s, there was like mental hygiene was a big push.
00:04:00
Speaker
Like, how do we help students be good citizens and be emotionally healthy or hygienic?
00:04:07
Speaker
And then in the 1940s, there's this thing called life change curriculum.
00:04:11
Speaker
Then character education, like SEL has been going on since public schools were a thing.
00:04:17
Speaker
So it's kind of
00:04:19
Speaker
interesting to think about it as like this new thing.
Integration of SEL in Education Standards
00:04:23
Speaker
But then at the same time, I think part of what has kind of like made SEL be so prolific, like since the 2000s, like early 2000s, is how it's making its way into learning standards and curricula and like being seen as even a formal accountability measure under ESSA, the Every Student Succeeds Act.
00:04:42
Speaker
Like SEL is being treated as like a legitimate part of schools.
00:04:49
Speaker
So to me, I think it's important to recognize that new but not new and how even the backlash isn't new.
00:04:56
Speaker
There's always been groups saying like, this is parents' job, not teachers' job.
00:04:59
Speaker
Why are we doing this in schools?
00:05:02
Speaker
This is like stepping on families' toes.
00:05:05
Speaker
And so I think sometimes it's easy to be like for SEL or anti-SEL, but there's actually like some really important points in a lot of these layers.
00:05:13
Speaker
So yeah.
00:05:15
Speaker
I mean, I could keep going on.
00:05:17
Speaker
I think one of the big things to me that I always try to kind of separate is that, um,
00:05:22
Speaker
there's a distinction that needs to be made between recognizing and valuing being social and being emotional and formally teaching or training that.
00:05:32
Speaker
Like to me, those things are often collapsed.
00:05:35
Speaker
But it's like a really different thing to say we value you as a social and emotional person versus like we are now going to like shape you into a certain group's definition of socially and emotionally competent.
00:05:47
Speaker
That's why I find myself not easily on either side, but in the mangle of it all.
Critique of Scripted SEL Programs
00:05:55
Speaker
I could keep going, but I'll pause there.
00:05:58
Speaker
As you're talking about the mandated nature of it, I can't help but notice the connection to PBIS, positive behavior.
00:06:07
Speaker
incentive systems because they tend to go hand in hand.
00:06:10
Speaker
PBIS tends to be promoting good behavior, again, like in scare quotes there because of how that can be framed and what lens we're viewing that through.
00:06:22
Speaker
But they're things that seem to be more and more, I guess, mainstream.
00:06:26
Speaker
Most teachers are familiar with these terms.
00:06:30
Speaker
I'm sure that many teachers have familiarity with implementing programs into their classroom that might be SEL programs.
00:06:35
Speaker
They do it like an advisory period or home-room curriculum or find themselves inserting standards into a lesson plan about like,
00:06:43
Speaker
valuing other people.
00:06:44
Speaker
I always find them very silly because like, shouldn't you be doing that anyway?
00:06:47
Speaker
Do we really need to have that as a standard?
00:06:50
Speaker
But that is conceptually something people are doing.
00:06:52
Speaker
So with that kind of said, what does it even mean to like, to be talking, like, why are we talking about this?
00:07:02
Speaker
Like for someone who's just like, who cares that it's being interpreted different ways?
00:07:07
Speaker
What's the, what's the gist of that?
00:07:10
Speaker
Yeah.
00:07:11
Speaker
Cause I mean, you mentioned like one thing I also always want to call out when I think about the history is that like the examples I mentioned, like progressive education, character education, mental hygiene, these are all things that have been done within like the colonial school system.
00:07:25
Speaker
So I do always want to recognize like, let's look at feminist theories.
00:07:28
Speaker
Let's look at indigenous ways of being who have been like implicitly valuing sociality and emotionality since time immemorial.
00:07:36
Speaker
So it's,
00:07:37
Speaker
also feels like kind of a, I don't know if ironic is the right word, a really problematic erasure to suggest that like, okay, now this is a formalized thing in public schools.
00:07:49
Speaker
Now we can talk about it.
00:07:50
Speaker
So like you say, I think it's problematic to say that if someone is skeptical about a certain program or about wanting to like teach it to the T that they don't value sociality and emotionality, like that's something that concerns me.
00:08:05
Speaker
And then at the same time, like,
00:08:08
Speaker
I sometimes get excited at like so much attention and like money and momentum is behind this recognition of like social and emotional learning.
00:08:16
Speaker
So there was something else.
00:08:19
Speaker
Oh, I was going to share.
00:08:20
Speaker
This is kind of an extreme example from an educator and scholar named Cleo Stearns, who I say all over the place.
00:08:27
Speaker
I love Cleo Stearns.
00:08:30
Speaker
And she's done a lot of like hands-on work observing things.
00:08:33
Speaker
elementary school classrooms that are unfolding, like very scripted programs of SEL.
00:08:39
Speaker
Like disclaimer, not all SEL programs are scripted, but she's looked at ones like second step.
00:08:45
Speaker
And the example is a first grade classroom that's going through the second step lesson.
00:08:49
Speaker
Like this is our 30 minute SEL block.
00:08:52
Speaker
And the prompt is for the teacher to ask the students, like, when is a recent time that you felt sad?
00:08:58
Speaker
And so a child raises his hand and he says, well, last night I was really, really cold.
00:09:04
Speaker
This is like the middle of the winter, New England.
00:09:06
Speaker
I was so cold and there's no heat in my house and my blanket has holes in it.
00:09:10
Speaker
And I was shaking and I couldn't sleep.
00:09:12
Speaker
I was so sad.
00:09:14
Speaker
And so the teacher who, to be fair, like Cleo Stearns really believes is an empathetic person is also feeling very much like she has to be maintained fidelity to this script.
00:09:25
Speaker
So the teacher goes, thanks for sharing.
00:09:27
Speaker
Now, what do we do when we feel sad?
00:09:29
Speaker
We belly breathe.
00:09:31
Speaker
Sure.
00:09:32
Speaker
And so it's just like this moment.
00:09:34
Speaker
Yeah.
00:09:35
Speaker
It's like funny in a horrific way, right?
00:09:38
Speaker
So it's like, what happens when, okay, we did our SEL, but like, here's this stark example of
00:09:44
Speaker
actually needing to look at the cause of why someone would legitimately feel something negative.
00:09:50
Speaker
And like what happens when the onus of responsibility is on kids to deep breathe through oppression and through misogyny or racism or whatever it may be.
00:10:00
Speaker
It's like, okay, if we, if we emphasize like these programs more than like the meaning behind them, like we're really doing a disservice at the end of the day.
00:10:10
Speaker
And I think a lot of SEL researchers would totally agree with that.
00:10:13
Speaker
But that is an example of like, here's what can happen when we aren't careful.
00:10:17
Speaker
Yeah, that branded component of it, I think, just tends to
Branding and Commodification of SEL
00:10:22
Speaker
lean into that because that's how education products tend to work generally.
00:10:27
Speaker
You take what is a probably pretty good idea on its baseline and then brand it and commodify it so that everyone can do it in the exact same way.
00:10:35
Speaker
Because if I start interpreting it, then I'm going to eliminate that brand.
00:10:38
Speaker
It's no longer going to be exactly how they're saying it's going to work.
00:10:43
Speaker
And not nearly as extreme as an example, but...
00:10:46
Speaker
My experience with SEL programs has even more so just been that there is not exciting.
00:10:51
Speaker
Like they're just boring.
00:10:52
Speaker
Kids don't like them.
00:10:54
Speaker
Like we're going to do our team building activity and you're going to stack a deck of playing cards.
00:10:58
Speaker
And then whenever we share something, you're going to take one out like that kind of stuff.
00:11:02
Speaker
And it just feels illegitimate to the point where kids no longer see the value in doing the SEL activities.
00:11:11
Speaker
So whereas we value these ideas of reflective thinking, even like things like meditation, things like that, kids just see that as kumbaya, silly things that, you know, guys like me with a man bun do at the coffee shop.
00:11:26
Speaker
Yeah.
00:11:26
Speaker
They don't see it as legitimate practice, and therefore it has a counterintuitive effect of lessening the impact of SEL.
00:11:34
Speaker
Right.
00:11:34
Speaker
It becomes so cheesy sometimes.
00:11:36
Speaker
And again, this is where I'm anticipating the pushback of people being like, yeah, that's SEL done wrong.
00:11:42
Speaker
But I think there's a limit to the conversation of reform.
00:11:45
Speaker
Like, well, we just need to do it better.
00:11:47
Speaker
Like at a certain point, it's like something paradigmatically is like a little bit problematic, maybe when it is just like assuming that we can script these things.
00:11:58
Speaker
Right.
00:11:58
Speaker
Because in addition to the systems of oppression at large, like in terms of like who's creating this curriculum?
00:12:05
Speaker
Yeah.
00:12:05
Speaker
What do we mean when we're saying good SEL and who are we trying to shape people into being, et cetera?
00:12:11
Speaker
There's also the fact that you just mentioned like school itself can be an oppressive space.
00:12:15
Speaker
And for many folks, I would argue most folks, school has a lot of oppressive tendencies because of how we rank and file kids.
00:12:23
Speaker
who's dictating the curriculum, and just the general authoritarian nature of, sadly, most schools.
00:12:29
Speaker
So as a result, SEL tries to be the panacea for the problems school itself is causing.
00:12:38
Speaker
I alluded to in the intro there.
00:12:40
Speaker
I think the classic example is like yoga or mindfulness techniques before a standardized test.
00:12:45
Speaker
So the standardized test is going to make us throw up.
00:12:48
Speaker
We don't want kids to be sick for four hours in this small, dimly lit room.
00:12:53
Speaker
You know, it's awful.
00:12:54
Speaker
So we'll have them do some deep breathing exercises to get through it, as opposed to looking at the standardized test situation itself.
00:13:02
Speaker
Yeah.
00:13:02
Speaker
And appropriate a bunch of cultures along the way.
00:13:05
Speaker
I mean, that's a whole other topic, but yeah.
00:13:09
Speaker
Yeah.
00:13:10
Speaker
So with that said, I guess that builds into the question of,
00:13:15
Speaker
What does it mean to craft a strong SEL system?
00:13:19
Speaker
How do we navigate this whole field of different interpretations of SEL to determine what we should be aiming toward?
00:13:27
Speaker
I mean, the idea is then changing systems, I would assume, like focusing on social justice, recognizing that the systems need to change.
00:13:35
Speaker
What is the role of SEL in that in terms of the research, the theory, the history?
00:13:42
Speaker
Yeah.
00:13:43
Speaker
So, I mean, shameless plug for my own podcast.
00:13:46
Speaker
Like I've been working with a group of colleagues and friends on a podcast project called Unboxing Social Emotional Learning.
00:13:53
Speaker
You can find it on Spotify.
00:13:55
Speaker
It's very much in the beginning stages.
00:13:57
Speaker
But I guess my answer to that is partly it depends.
00:14:02
Speaker
Because I think like one thing I love about having critical dialogue around this is that
00:14:09
Speaker
it's really tricky.
00:14:10
Speaker
And I feel like I need to, we all need to have kind of our incoming assumptions challenged a lot.
00:14:16
Speaker
Because on the one hand, I would say, well, SEL can be a really great driver of social justice, or it can be channeled into like transforming our school systems.
00:14:26
Speaker
And then on the other hand, like you mentioned, can actually just be reinforcing those things.
00:14:32
Speaker
So I think
00:14:33
Speaker
One of the biggest things to me is like whose voices are in this curriculum?
00:14:37
Speaker
So regardless of whether it's called SEL, is it something that's built on community values?
00:14:43
Speaker
The caveat to that is, let's say that the community values, the loudest voices are very white supremacists.
00:14:49
Speaker
Like then maybe we have to think about
00:14:51
Speaker
who's kind of making, who's shaping this program, but how is it different depending on the context it's in or the region it's in.
00:15:00
Speaker
So like, I'm all for kind of grassroots, like bottom up SEL.
00:15:04
Speaker
That means also including kids voices.
00:15:08
Speaker
What do they think it means to be social and emotional?
00:15:11
Speaker
That's not something that they are like, have to be trained into.
00:15:14
Speaker
We're born being social and emotional.
00:15:15
Speaker
So like,
00:15:16
Speaker
not treating kids like their incoming ways of being in the world need to be fixed.
00:15:23
Speaker
So I guess at the end of the day to me, whether or not it's called SEL, it's about kind of building some kind of program or approach that's flexible enough to actually like really change depending on the needs of the community, including again, those who are often excluded from conversations, including children.
00:15:44
Speaker
Oh, I was going to say also, like back to your point about recognizing schools as they can be a transformative force and like a reinforcer of systems of oppression.
00:15:56
Speaker
I think every SEL program has to reckon with that.
00:15:59
Speaker
I've had a quote going through my mind for a couple of weeks from a webinar session with Dr. Megan Bang, who's an amazing indigenous scientist and researcher.
00:16:08
Speaker
She's at Northeastern University in Chicago.
00:16:13
Speaker
I think I got that right.
00:16:14
Speaker
But she said this, she shared a lot of stories.
00:16:17
Speaker
And one of the quotes she said was like, as an indigenous woman, it would be irrational for me to walk into a school system and immediately assume that my best interests are at heart.
00:16:28
Speaker
And that's like a really hard statement, I think, especially for really well-intending teachers to sit with, teachers that want school to be a positive site and that wanna like build an SEL program to make kids feel at home and included and safe.
00:16:41
Speaker
But I think part of an SEL program should involve
00:16:44
Speaker
like the adults, the teachers reckoning with being like historical actors.
00:16:49
Speaker
Like you're in a school system that is the same system that was part of the boarding school movement to remove indigenous children from their families.
00:16:57
Speaker
Like how do we recognize that our good intentions can be part of that program and like our reckoning
00:17:04
Speaker
with ourselves as historical actors in a site that's enacted harm is also part of that context.
00:17:10
Speaker
So a lot of it means an SEL program should involve the adults doing a lot of self-reflexive work.
00:17:17
Speaker
What does emotionality mean to me?
00:17:19
Speaker
How have I been taught to cope with or handle or relate to my emotions?
00:17:24
Speaker
So it should be like a very self-reflective thing.
00:17:28
Speaker
I feel like I'm talking in circles.
00:17:29
Speaker
Like I don't have a how-to, but these are some of the considerations that I think you need to do.
00:17:33
Speaker
Yeah, there's a couple of things you're saying, I think, that make a lot of sense to me.
00:17:37
Speaker
As someone who, I mean, I was in the classroom for 10 years, and there's certainly a cognitive dissonance that happens daily the deeper and deeper you dive into this stuff.
00:17:47
Speaker
Because you know that the systems are...
00:17:51
Speaker
built on racist, neoliberal, sexist, all the things that we listed at the
Public Schooling as a Public Good
00:17:55
Speaker
beginning.
00:17:55
Speaker
It's built on these tendencies, both from a contextualized view.
00:18:03
Speaker
So it's in the communities that they find themselves in, but also literally, through the sense of boarding schools.
00:18:10
Speaker
They are quite literally designed to do this.
00:18:13
Speaker
So that's something that you're constantly facing while walking that tightrope against,
00:18:21
Speaker
public schooling is also a public good because you could come to the conclusion of saying, well, we should just not have public schools at all because look at how terrible they are.
00:18:28
Speaker
Like burn it all down.
00:18:30
Speaker
But in my view, in reality, what that would lead to is just a bunch of charter schools.
00:18:34
Speaker
Like private industry would capitalize on that.
00:18:36
Speaker
It wouldn't lead to some kind of, I don't know, like positive beneficial change with the community schooling their kids.
00:18:42
Speaker
I just don't think that would happen in the United States.
00:18:44
Speaker
So with that said, the second point that you're diving into is
00:18:50
Speaker
which I'm thinking about what I was going to say when I was edited.
00:18:54
Speaker
There was something you just said that made sense in regards to the SEL component.
00:18:58
Speaker
Oh, talking with kids.
00:19:00
Speaker
I know now.
00:19:01
Speaker
So the second part of what you're saying regarding talking with kids and learning from kids and doing this grassroots, well, while being sure that we're not putting all of the burden for change and labor on kids, but certainly listening to them to change things.
00:19:14
Speaker
And I'll never forget these stories.
00:19:17
Speaker
So HRP, we go around to a bunch of different schools.
00:19:19
Speaker
Our PD model is built on doing focus groups with young people.
00:19:22
Speaker
So we've spoken now to like thousands of kids.
00:19:26
Speaker
And pretty much in every focus group conversation, a kid brings up, if they have one, the SEL program.
00:19:33
Speaker
And nine times out of 10, they always have the exact same complaint.
00:19:37
Speaker
And I think this really gets to the heart of this.
00:19:39
Speaker
They always say every day I'm forced to do some kind of reflection activity and they submit it into a system.
00:19:46
Speaker
And it's like, how are you doing today?
00:19:48
Speaker
And sometimes like a Likert scale, sometimes you get to actually write it out.
00:19:52
Speaker
And the kids always say, I don't like the system because if I report I'm doing bad, I have to go to the guidance counselor.
00:19:59
Speaker
So what kids do is that, well, either they just don't do it or over time, they say they're doing a lot better than they used to be doing before.
00:20:07
Speaker
And this has like a three-pronged effect because on the one hand, the school reads the data and sees, oh, the SEL program has made all the kids happier because over time, all of their scores are going up.
00:20:20
Speaker
Therefore, they reinvest in it.
00:20:22
Speaker
Or second, everybody quits using it.
00:20:25
Speaker
So then the school is like, well, SEL programs don't work.
00:20:27
Speaker
So we're not going to invest in them anymore.
00:20:29
Speaker
So now SEL just like is out the window or three, like kids no longer like trust the adults to actually go to them about SEL issues because they're afraid that if they go to an adult, it's going to trigger what they seem to be like an overblown response.
00:20:47
Speaker
So it's like they want to be listened to, but they also don't want to feel like they're going through this mandated system of,
00:20:53
Speaker
Maybe they don't like that guidance counselor.
00:20:55
Speaker
Maybe they just don't like they don't want to talk about it right now.
00:20:57
Speaker
They want other means of going about it, which in my opinion, a good SEL program would recognize that like it would be much less mandated check marks, step by step process and a little more holistic and with a bunch of different avenues in the same way that progressive education kind of does in curriculum.
00:21:16
Speaker
That's like the overall idea.
00:21:19
Speaker
Yeah, I mean, I'm thinking of two things.
00:21:21
Speaker
One thing, like you mentioned, that's kind of a funny example.
00:21:25
Speaker
Like, look, it works.
00:21:26
Speaker
They're all happy now.
00:21:26
Speaker
Because I think so often, like one of my big critiques or like concerns with SEL is just this huge emphasis on articulating, naming, and processing emotions, which for some kids is great.
00:21:41
Speaker
Like, yes, they want to talk about it.
00:21:43
Speaker
It helps to talk about it.
00:21:45
Speaker
But like, actually, this was a quote from one of the teachers I talked with for my own kind of discourse community focus group a year and a half ago.
00:21:52
Speaker
And she said, well, naming things isn't always helpful.
00:21:57
Speaker
Like, right.
00:21:57
Speaker
Like sometimes when you name something, you actually constrict what it can be.
00:22:01
Speaker
And if you have the kid like circle the face that you're feeling.
00:22:05
Speaker
and they circle the sad face, that kind of shrunk, like the possibilities of what they're feeling.
00:22:10
Speaker
Like now they are feeling a sad face.
00:22:11
Speaker
And again, it can be helpful and it can't.
00:22:15
Speaker
So like you mentioned, what if there's a variety of avenues where some of the ways of like,
00:22:20
Speaker
responding to kids negative emotion isn't talking about it, which is kind of hard to think about because we live in this society where if you don't talk about it, you're repressing it.
00:22:29
Speaker
And like it needs.
00:22:30
Speaker
And I think in some ways that's a pushback against times of not being able to share negative emotion.
00:22:36
Speaker
But yeah, I think about with SEL being celebrated as like, let's bring into awareness how kids are feeling and
00:22:44
Speaker
That also means let's subject their social and emotional and even spiritual worlds to intense surveillance.
00:22:50
Speaker
So, yeah, there's that like kind of like the cognitive dissonance of we want to value this.
00:22:55
Speaker
But are we just like surveilling it now and deciding what's best for them based on this really vulnerable information they're sharing?
00:23:02
Speaker
The only other thing I was going to share is a quote from Dr. Kelly Lee, who's at the University of California.
00:23:09
Speaker
I was recently watching a webinar with her and she said, it's just so ironic how often in schools we tell kids you're a change maker.
00:23:18
Speaker
You are agentic.
00:23:19
Speaker
You can make change.
00:23:21
Speaker
You can be who you want to be.
00:23:23
Speaker
But you can't change anything about my classroom or you can't change anything about our school.
00:23:27
Speaker
So those things came to mind because definitely resonate with what you're saying.
00:23:32
Speaker
I mean, yeah, I mean, it's definitely what the fact of the matter is, is that if you listen to kids, chances are they're going to build not only a better curriculum and like a better, you know, just general school system overall, but the SEL program is also probably going to be better.
Grassroots vs. Commercial SEL Initiatives
00:23:48
Speaker
They don't need to be handcrafting it, but if they give you feedback along the way and they'd say, this is what I want, this is what I'd rather see.
00:23:56
Speaker
You're going to be able to identify the programs and procedures and all those different things that make the most sense for a group of kids.
00:24:03
Speaker
And there's going to be multiple options.
00:24:04
Speaker
It's not just going to be one size fits all model.
00:24:09
Speaker
Just generally.
00:24:10
Speaker
So with that said, I think that's a good segue into something that we had spoken about off air, which is...
00:24:18
Speaker
Is it worth it?
00:24:19
Speaker
Slash how do you brand something that is everything that we just said?
00:24:23
Speaker
Because we spoke for about like 15 minutes.
00:24:25
Speaker
They're contextualizing what makes that different.
00:24:29
Speaker
And I think the rationale is typically like, well, give that an acronym or give that a framework, give that like a new thing.
00:24:35
Speaker
And we were talking about this idea of SELSEJ, social, emotional health, social, emotional justice.
00:24:43
Speaker
as a framing that addresses that.
00:24:46
Speaker
But I think you're kind of like thinking in a different headspace about that now and like whether or not it's worth going down that route is more or more about that.
00:24:53
Speaker
Yeah, this is why I value so many voices at the table, because my voice is very, I always joke with friends, like I'm very certain that I'm uncertain about everything.
00:25:03
Speaker
Like that is the one thing I'm certain about.
00:25:06
Speaker
Because I do think I'm terrified of acronyms, honestly.
00:25:10
Speaker
This is kind of weird.
00:25:12
Speaker
It's something I've been playing with.
00:25:13
Speaker
But I created a methodology for the focus group I mentioned with teachers and
00:25:19
Speaker
was kind of like building my own way of analyzing.
00:25:22
Speaker
And I've been writing an article about that and feeling a lot of pressure to name it.
00:25:26
Speaker
Like if I'm going to put out this methodology that I kind of curated, I have to call it something.
00:25:31
Speaker
And that's probably going to be an acronym because it's like this long word.
00:25:34
Speaker
And so I'm calling it, what am I calling it?
00:25:37
Speaker
I know the acronym.
00:25:39
Speaker
An Affective Feminist Relate, no.
00:25:43
Speaker
analysis let's see what am i calling it the acronym is afraid a f r a d um affective feminist relational analysis of discourse and i'm like that's perfect because it's pronounced afraid i don't know if i'm actually going to publish it this way but i'm like that's perfect because it's like i am i'm very wary of acronyms for some of the reasons we've been talking about um i guess for listeners for additional context a few years ago
00:26:08
Speaker
My committee chair at the time and I published a paper advocating for this SELSEJ, Social Emotional Learning for Social and Emotional Justice,
00:26:18
Speaker
And I still stand behind all the ideas behind that.
00:26:22
Speaker
But like I've been talking about with Chris, I get really wary about the branding of things.
00:26:28
Speaker
I guess a couple of the reasons I would push away from kind of an easy response of like, let's create a program, brand it, maybe scale it up, mass produce it.
00:26:39
Speaker
is that it becomes, for one, it can be seen as like a social justice flavor of SEL.
00:26:46
Speaker
Like if we have SEL, SCJ, that kind of acknowledges that SEL itself is not necessarily anti-racist and doesn't necessarily acknowledge coloniality or whiteness.
00:26:59
Speaker
So it becomes like, well, you can do general SEL, which doesn't talk about racism,
00:27:04
Speaker
Or you can do like the anti-racist version, which scares me because it's seen as like maybe there's a feminist version.
00:27:11
Speaker
Then there's a it starts to segment all of these different systems of oppression as like optional add ons.
00:27:17
Speaker
So that's a concern I have.
00:27:20
Speaker
And another is kind of what we've been talking about with SEL itself is.
00:27:24
Speaker
it becomes such a huge umbrella term that it kind of becomes emptied of meaning when it's just thrown around as an acronym.
00:27:31
Speaker
I can do anything in the name of SEL.
00:27:34
Speaker
I think we don't often think about why we're doing it or what's behind it or what it means.
00:27:40
Speaker
So like acronyms can kind of again, like kind of like the circling a sad face.
00:27:44
Speaker
It kind of shuts down like what something can be.
00:27:47
Speaker
But then at the same time, that's why I started this kind of by saying that I value other voices because sometimes my friends even will say to me, like, totally hear what you're saying.
00:27:57
Speaker
We have to call it something so that we can tell people what we're doing and deliver it and package it.
00:28:02
Speaker
So those are some of my qualms.
00:28:05
Speaker
I think there's a way to give something a name, use an acronym, create a grassroots really cool program and call it something and be critical about like the co-opting or the commercialization of that label.
00:28:18
Speaker
But I think that criticality like has to be there.
00:28:21
Speaker
Yeah, that's tricky.
00:28:22
Speaker
That's super tricky because I think about from like a PBL standpoint, I mean, hell, PBL by itself is three.
00:28:29
Speaker
It's place-based, problem-based, and project-based.
00:28:31
Speaker
There's probably more.
00:28:32
Speaker
I was thinking, yeah.
00:28:34
Speaker
So then you have challenge-based.
00:28:36
Speaker
You have, there's a bunch of them.
00:28:38
Speaker
Like there's like,
00:28:39
Speaker
20, we have a list of these somewhere that are all ostensibly the same thing.
00:28:43
Speaker
They all have like their own flavor.
00:28:44
Speaker
I mean, place-based learning is project-based learning account, like accounting for place, but PBL already accounted for place.
00:28:52
Speaker
But now we're adding the additional acronym on to, or I guess we're changing a letter of the acronym to make that more apparent.
00:28:59
Speaker
So what we find is that when we travel around to different schools from a PBL context,
00:29:05
Speaker
We'll go into the school.
00:29:07
Speaker
They'll say, oh, we don't do project-based learning.
00:29:09
Speaker
We do challenge-based learning.
00:29:11
Speaker
And it's like, okay, well, what is that?
00:29:13
Speaker
And then they describe project-based learning because when they were doing project-based learning, they said, well, it didn't include X, Y, and Z, and teachers were doing this.
00:29:21
Speaker
But then we'll go back two or three years later, and they shifted from CBL to some other framework because this framework includes this thing and teachers weren't doing that.
00:29:31
Speaker
And I don't really know if this has anything to do with the SEL component, but it's a multi-layer problem because on the one hand, you have to be able to define what you're doing.
00:29:41
Speaker
And I think it is worth noting that this is a different thing than it was before, but at the exact same time, it shouldn't have been a different thing than it was before, right?
00:29:52
Speaker
Yeah, exactly.
00:29:53
Speaker
This is actually making me think of a conversation in one of our actually recent podcasts about
00:29:59
Speaker
SEL and indigenous communities and indigenous ways of knowing and being and relating.
00:30:05
Speaker
And one of my friends, Sequoia Dance-Layton, who's a PhD student at Washington State University, and also a member of the Shoshone Banach tribe, she is a really great advocate for like
00:30:20
Speaker
not all communities want to call something SEL and need to be told that they must have it.
00:30:25
Speaker
Because like with what you're saying, I can see scenarios where someone like comes into an indigenous community and says, you need SEL.
00:30:33
Speaker
Like we'll create it with you.
00:30:35
Speaker
It can be based on your community values.
00:30:37
Speaker
We'll use your terminology.
00:30:38
Speaker
But like we want to give you SEL.
00:30:41
Speaker
And I can see so many communities being like, so we do that.
00:30:44
Speaker
We don't call it that.
00:30:46
Speaker
We actually don't agree with some of the components.
00:30:48
Speaker
But like, I don't want the kind of evangelical drive of SEL to be that every school has their own customized SEL if they don't resonate with that label or they're already doing things.
00:31:02
Speaker
Like you mentioned, progressive education already does a lot of this stuff as far as like valuing sociality and emotionality.
00:31:10
Speaker
So yeah, another kind of with what you're saying, I worry about that fear of like,
00:31:15
Speaker
If you aren't using the label, you're not doing it kind of thing, which isn't true.
00:31:19
Speaker
Yeah.
00:31:20
Speaker
You also get caught in the trap of like consuming the capitalist code.
00:31:25
Speaker
The acronym gets attached to like a brand name or to a label.
00:31:29
Speaker
Like shout out.
00:31:30
Speaker
I love EL education, but we've been spaces where people will say like, oh, what you're doing is the EL education, the crew curriculum or whatever.
00:31:38
Speaker
It's like, well, no, we're just talking about frameworks, concepts that have existed in academia for.
00:31:44
Speaker
In this case, I think we're talking about something that's like 100 years old or like the Castle framework even.
00:31:48
Speaker
Like we brought up Castle as a framework.
00:31:50
Speaker
I'm like, well, that's the crew curriculum.
00:31:52
Speaker
Yeah, but like we don't have to go through their catalog of branded content that you purchased in order for it to be effective.
00:32:00
Speaker
This is a broad ranging thing that is more deeper and nuanced than that.
00:32:06
Speaker
So I also fear that it,
00:32:08
Speaker
that the more we focus on names and acronyms without looking at the root systemic problems, the more likely we are to just try to find a consumerist or capitalist solution to our problem, which relates it all back to like, there's no magic potion.
00:32:28
Speaker
There's no one size fits all solution that's just going to be, this is going to solve all of our SEL problems.
00:32:33
Speaker
So we're just going to buy that thing and kids are going to be fixed or whatever that means.
00:32:38
Speaker
Right.
00:32:39
Speaker
Yeah.
00:32:40
Speaker
Yeah.
00:32:40
Speaker
I forget.
00:32:41
Speaker
I had a thought, something.
00:32:44
Speaker
I've lost it.
00:32:48
Speaker
I might come back.
00:32:49
Speaker
That's good.
00:32:50
Speaker
You're good.
00:32:50
Speaker
You're fine.
00:32:51
Speaker
You're fine.
00:32:52
Speaker
This is a wide range of conversation.
00:32:54
Speaker
We're going a lot of times with this.
00:32:57
Speaker
So let's then talk about the solutions-focused element of this.
00:33:00
Speaker
So I think we've underpinned at least a baseline for the theory and why it should be problematized, SEL, as a concept.
00:33:09
Speaker
Then how do educators actually figure out
00:33:13
Speaker
What to do?
00:33:14
Speaker
Like if there's all these different interpretations and there's all these critiques of how SEL was implemented, we've already outlined, listen to kids and like ask them and figure out from kids what's going on.
00:33:28
Speaker
Are there other spaces or like researchers, academics, things that we should be considering foundational to understanding SEL?
00:33:36
Speaker
Yeah, I would say one thing that really resonated with me from talking, I talked with six different elementary educators
00:33:45
Speaker
for part of the focus group discourse community I mentioned, not just classroom teachers, but also a paraeducator, SEL specialist, a special ed teacher.
00:33:54
Speaker
And one of the biggest themes with what they were saying was we have so many options of SEL curricula.
00:34:02
Speaker
Some schools do require like we are doing second step, but some are like, if you want to do character strong, if you want to do mind up, if you want to do ruler, like any of it's good.
00:34:12
Speaker
And they're like, that's not helpful.
00:34:13
Speaker
There's so many resources.
00:34:15
Speaker
We have so many resources.
00:34:16
Speaker
We don't need more resources.
00:34:19
Speaker
And we don't need more accountability.
00:34:22
Speaker
And there was some disagreement to that.
00:34:23
Speaker
One of the teachers actually did feel like we need more teachers to be held accountable for being accountable.
00:34:30
Speaker
having fidelity.
00:34:31
Speaker
I don't know what the verb is there, maintaining fidelity to the program.
00:34:36
Speaker
But what they don't have a lot of time for is time to think critically.
00:34:40
Speaker
So I do think in itself, like that's something that teachers can advocate for and especially administrators could advocate for is
00:34:48
Speaker
instead of trying to protect this 30 minutes of SEL time or to get the money to purchase this big program, what would happen if we had more?
00:34:58
Speaker
I mean, it's kind of like radical, like free play time.
00:35:01
Speaker
Let's use that 30 minutes for another recess.
00:35:03
Speaker
There's social and emotional learning.
00:35:05
Speaker
That's kind of a glib way to say it.
00:35:07
Speaker
But more time for like PD that is based on teachers talking with each other.
00:35:12
Speaker
What are you doing in your classroom?
00:35:14
Speaker
Like what's working for your kids or
00:35:16
Speaker
What things have parents brought up?
00:35:18
Speaker
So more time for just like,
00:35:20
Speaker
talking with other people of kind of like to piece together more grassroots approaches to SEL.
00:35:26
Speaker
But I also will say like kind of more tangibly, Dina Simmons work is wonderful.
00:35:31
Speaker
She, do you know, like liberate liberated is her organization.
00:35:37
Speaker
So she's wonderful at emphasizing like, let's dismantle the deficit discourses around especially like black and brown kids being framed as
00:35:46
Speaker
not having social emotional competence, let's ditch that narrative and build with community assets, anti-racist approaches.
00:35:55
Speaker
Sierra Kaler Jones is another person I would encourage any educator to learn more about.
00:36:01
Speaker
There's also another thing I'll bring up because it's kind of like a
00:36:07
Speaker
elephant in the room with this conversation is transformative SEL, which is CASEL's newest kind of social justice oriented approach to SEL, which is claims to be rooted in community based rather than individual based and acknowledging systems of oppression, acknowledging racism,
00:36:26
Speaker
So I think transformative SEL is something that's like worth bringing to the table in these critical conversations.
00:36:32
Speaker
I'm still dubious about some things.
00:36:34
Speaker
There's still a lot of emphasis on kids learning these skills and not always a look in the mirror at an institutional level, but transformative SEL would be like another area I would direct people to.
00:36:48
Speaker
Do you have anything to add to the list?
00:36:50
Speaker
I'm curious, like what would you advocate?
00:36:54
Speaker
I mean, I think,
00:36:56
Speaker
From our angle, it would be taking all of those things and then looking at the foundations of a classroom.
00:37:02
Speaker
Like you had just said, recess is super important.
00:37:05
Speaker
But sadly, in schools across the United States, that's becoming more and more rare, even at an elementary school level.
00:37:11
Speaker
I mean, we would advocate for high schoolers should have recess.
00:37:13
Speaker
Everyone should have recess.
00:37:15
Speaker
Kids like going outside.
00:37:16
Speaker
Kids like going outside when it's negative 20 degrees outside, speaking from experience.
00:37:20
Speaker
Mm-hmm.
00:37:20
Speaker
of having to walk kids outside is like, please come back in.
00:37:23
Speaker
But they love it.
00:37:24
Speaker
And that's important for them to be outside and be with their friends.
00:37:28
Speaker
But there's also other things like, why is it that 99.9% of school has to be so competitive?
00:37:35
Speaker
Why do we have to focus on grades and ranking?
00:37:38
Speaker
And when we put kids into groups, why is it that they focus on things like, I want to make sure my grade's protected, so I don't want to work with so-and-so.
00:37:47
Speaker
And to me, that's highly problematic.
00:37:50
Speaker
The goal of working in a group is to build on those collaborative skills, communication skills, but also just to relate to other people as human beings.
00:37:57
Speaker
So we need to find ways to move away from concepts like grades, concepts like testing as this one and done style of assessment and move into a more holistic lens in that angle, like in the way that we're actually structuring our class on how we're giving kids feedback and just speaking with them broadly.
Systemic SEL Approaches in Classroom Design
00:38:17
Speaker
Like if you, if you had a classroom where kids work together and do, let's say like community service or they're making an art project and putting it up down the road and they're talking to community leaders, et cetera, that's going to be killer SEL.
00:38:29
Speaker
Like that's going to be so cool.
00:38:30
Speaker
Like they're going to connect with, with other people.
00:38:32
Speaker
They're going to learn from people that, that,
00:38:35
Speaker
known before.
00:38:36
Speaker
They're going to have people at different age levels.
00:38:37
Speaker
They're going to have to actually speak with each other in a variety of means, participate digitally, and talk about digital SEL and talking to people online.
00:38:47
Speaker
That's not to say that SEL programs can't be important.
00:38:52
Speaker
It's just that at a systemic level, if the classroom is the antithesis to the SEL program, it seems like we're doing something wrong.
00:38:59
Speaker
Definitely.
00:39:00
Speaker
And one other thing I was thinking about, too, is I'm a big advocate for like being social and emotional has never been exclusive to humans.
00:39:08
Speaker
And so sometimes when we think about ecological justice or climate justice, that's seen as like a separate thing like that is SEL.
00:39:15
Speaker
And I've been into like common worlding pedagogies.
00:39:19
Speaker
Shout out to common worlding pedagogies of
00:39:22
Speaker
recognizing ourselves as always intricate members or members of an intricate more than human system.
00:39:28
Speaker
And that's another thing I personally want to explore a lot more is how do kids already see themselves as like members of a more than human world and
00:39:38
Speaker
Like you mentioned, just going outside, being in the community, even inside, like thinking about reframing how we see our cafeteria lunches and seeing ourselves as animals, like all of that can be part of SEL too.
00:39:51
Speaker
So what like big, big picture SEL.
00:39:53
Speaker
Sometimes I differentiate like social and emotional learning from the like SEL paradigm, kind of the bigger possibilities and then the more branded possibilities, but.
00:40:04
Speaker
Yeah, yeah.
00:40:05
Speaker
Two more shout outs and then we'll do like a final question.
00:40:08
Speaker
I would also add to the list.
00:40:10
Speaker
We'll just have those giant show notes.
00:40:12
Speaker
Institute for Humane Education has a lot of really cool curricular activities centered on what you were just saying.
00:40:18
Speaker
So centered on both connecting other people, but with an explicit focus on animals and like ethics and relating with nature, et cetera.
00:40:27
Speaker
They have a lot of interesting stuff.
00:40:29
Speaker
And then Chef Anne Project, which is a way that you can actually dive into
00:40:34
Speaker
making like farmer table lunches and like warning where your food comes from.
00:40:38
Speaker
Um, we did a whole deep dive on that at some point we have a, we had someone on our podcast that came and talked about like journalism of food.
00:40:44
Speaker
And it's really interesting to know it's actually cheaper to get your food farmer table in schools than it is to get it from like your corporate supplier.
00:40:51
Speaker
And you said to work through a lot of different contracts, but it is cheaper in the long run.
00:40:56
Speaker
Um,
00:40:56
Speaker
But yeah, I think then in terms of just moving into the cornerstone element of this conversation and talking about LCL broadly, people now know perhaps some contextualized information on why we're talking about this.
00:41:12
Speaker
They maybe have problematized it a bit.
00:41:15
Speaker
They see perhaps places they could turn to.
00:41:18
Speaker
Do you have any advice for educators that maybe just listen to this conversation that are just like, okay, what now?
00:41:26
Speaker
Yeah, I think I mean, this is the advice for so many of the problems with education, like get with the community, with other teachers, with other community members, like don't try to operate alone is always a big one.
00:41:42
Speaker
I think also like kind of trusting in your own practice, which again, I say with an asterisk because I've seen and heard about some pretty atrocious classroom practices, but also a lot of really great stuff comes from teachers themselves.
00:41:56
Speaker
So I think
00:41:58
Speaker
to have some trust of like, if you think something is really working with your classroom, like at a social and emotional level, like believe in that, even if it's not like showing up in the scripted program.
00:42:09
Speaker
So like making space for that.
00:42:12
Speaker
I always try to like, I mean, I'm pretty upfront about not being a K through 12 educator.
00:42:16
Speaker
So I never want to assume I like, I don't know that lived experience, but I think recognizing that there is support in numbers, um,
00:42:25
Speaker
This could definitely be like part of union efforts.
00:42:30
Speaker
So, yeah, like have some value the grassroots, like your own practices, value those and get together with other people.
00:42:40
Speaker
I wish I had a silver bullet, but that's kind of what I got.
00:42:44
Speaker
Yeah.
00:42:45
Speaker
I mean, at the end of the day, if the kids in the room are enjoying what's going on and they're telling you it's enjoying it on, you're collecting feedback and they're like, this is great.
00:42:52
Speaker
That that's all the real proof you need that your SEL program is working.
00:42:56
Speaker
Just a brief anecdote.
00:42:58
Speaker
But like, I remember we had, this was during the, the hybrid year of COVID.
00:43:03
Speaker
So there were 10 to 15 kids in a room and then 10 to 15 kids online.
00:43:07
Speaker
And yeah,
00:43:11
Speaker
That year, we kept all the kids in the same room for a very long period of time.
00:43:17
Speaker
And then they went period to period with the same group the entire day.
00:43:21
Speaker
So these kids were spending seven to eight hours a day with the same 15 groups of kids.
00:43:26
Speaker
And as anyone might imagine, that is either amazing or absolutely awful, depending on what group of kids.
00:43:34
Speaker
High school or ninth grade.
00:43:35
Speaker
Oh, okay.
00:43:36
Speaker
Yeah, yeah.
00:43:37
Speaker
Like for example, like what if, what if kids break up?
00:43:40
Speaker
Typically that's not a big deal that'll sit on opposite sides of the room.
00:43:43
Speaker
Well, not, it's a pretty big deal.
00:43:44
Speaker
There's only 15 kids in the room.
00:43:46
Speaker
So I know a lot of teachers really struggled with, like I have heard ad nauseum people saying like, thank God,
00:43:53
Speaker
Like, I'm so happy that we don't have to deal with that anymore.
00:43:56
Speaker
But the exact same time, I'll tell you from personal experience, that was my favorite year teaching.
00:43:59
Speaker
Not because of the pandemic element, obviously, but it was my favorite year teaching because I've never felt more connected to a group of kids.
00:44:07
Speaker
I sometimes envy elementary school teachers because they get to do that.
00:44:10
Speaker
They can just have like one group of kids pretty much all day, every day.
00:44:14
Speaker
And as a result, you're able to develop those systemic SEL practices that
00:44:19
Speaker
organically.
00:44:20
Speaker
Like those kids, we would come in every day and play like random games and we would just do it because that's what the kids like to do.
00:44:26
Speaker
And we didn't have to plan that.
00:44:28
Speaker
It was just a part of the day that this was like, this is what kids like doing.
00:44:31
Speaker
We did that.
00:44:32
Speaker
We had in jokes.
00:44:33
Speaker
We knew each other.
00:44:34
Speaker
So there's an element here too of,
00:44:36
Speaker
like scheduling design, classroom design, even higher level design than classroom design to look at how can we develop schools to be more SEL focused and really center community.
00:44:46
Speaker
So we're not so siloed and isolated and we have more space to connect with other people and with the world.
00:44:53
Speaker
We have more outdoor classrooms, et cetera.
00:44:56
Speaker
Yeah, I love that.
00:44:56
Speaker
I think we need those stories of a little bit of pushback from those years of COVID, of not like romanticizing it and denying the trauma a lot of people experienced.
00:45:06
Speaker
But there were, I mean, there were some elements of like increased connection that I even felt too.
00:45:11
Speaker
Like I always joke about the
00:45:13
Speaker
black hole of black zoom squares where like three people are talking.
00:45:18
Speaker
But that was also the year I think I got the most affirmative feedback from students I ever have about social and emotional things of like, thank you for making this classroom a space like you've been a rock or like, we feel safe to come to your class.
00:45:32
Speaker
And I'm like, interesting.
00:45:34
Speaker
Like it was just this kind of paradoxical time of like,
00:45:37
Speaker
like shit kind of hit the fan.
00:45:39
Speaker
But then like what happened from that?
00:45:40
Speaker
Like we were kind of like had the bare bones of like, what do we actually care about this year?
00:45:44
Speaker
So I like those stories of like some things, sometimes good things can happen when the system is rocked a lot.
00:45:52
Speaker
Thank you again for listening to our podcast at Human Restoration Project.
00:45:55
Speaker
I hope this conversation leaves you inspired and ready to start making change.
00:45:59
Speaker
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00:46:03
Speaker
Plus, find a whole host of free resources, writings, and other podcasts all for free on our website, humanrestorationproject.org.
00:46:10
Speaker
Thank you.